Emma Brossard
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Emma Brossard
Emma Beatriz Brossard (October 1, 1928 – November 15, 2007) was an American professor of politics and government at the Louisiana State University at Baton Rouge and noted expert on the Venezuelan oil industry. She authored four monographs on the Venezuelan oil industry and its history. She was known for her criticisms of the Hugo Chavez administration and its policies in governing the Venezuelan oil company Petróleos de Venezuela, Sociedad Anónima (PDVSA). Early life and education Emma Beatriz Brossard y Jacobsen was born on October 1, 1928 in Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico.E.B. Brossard's papers
at the , Stanford University

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Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico
Santurce (, from the Basque ''Santurtzi'' which means Saint George) is a barrio or district in the municipality of San Juan. Its population in 2020 was 69,469. It is also the biggest and most populated of all the barrios in the capital city with a bigger population than most municipalities of Puerto Rico and one of the most densely populated areas of the island (13,257.4 persons per square mile). Geography Geographically speaking, Santurce is a peninsula that is attached to the mainland in the east, where it borders with the Isla Verde district of Carolina. It is 7.6 km long from west to east, and up to 3.0 km wide in the eastern part. The peninsula is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean in the north, with more than five km of beaches from the Condado peninsula in the west, to a point 600 m east of ''Punta Las Marías'', where it borders on the Isla Verde area, and '' Laguna San José'' and its northern embayment, ''Laguna Los Corozos'' to the east. To the south is the ...
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PDVSA
Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA, ) (English: Petroleum of Venezuela) is the Venezuelan state-owned oil and natural gas company. It has activities in exploration, production, refining and exporting oil as well as exploration and production of natural gas. Since its founding on 1 January 1976 with the nationalization of the Venezuelan oil industry, PDVSA has dominated the oil industry of Venezuela, the world's fifth largest oil exporter. Oil reserves in Venezuela are the largest in the world and the state-owned PDVSA provides the government of Venezuela with substantial funding resources. Following the Bolivarian Revolution, PDVSA was mainly used as a vital source of income for the Venezuelan government. Profits were also used to assist the presidency, with funds directed towards allies of the Venezuelan government. With PDVSA focusing on political projects instead of oil production, mechanical and technical statuses deteriorated while employee expertise was removed followin ...
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The Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, Louisiana)
''The Daily Advertiser'' is a Gannett daily newspaper based in Lafayette, Louisiana. ''The Daily Advertiser'' covers international, national, state, and local news in the six parishes of Lafayette, Acadia, Iberia, St. Landry, St. Martin, and Vermilion. The publication circulates 28,400 copies on weekdays. Its ranks 234 out of 1,410 newspapers in the United States. ''The Daily Advertiser'' was co-founded as the ''Weekly Advertiser'' in 1865 by a Confederate States Army veteran, William B. Bailey, who subsequently served from 1884 to 1892 as mayor of his native Lafayette. Louisiana journalist Robert Angers (1919–1988) worked at times for ''The Daily Advertiser'', including his ultimate position as business editor from 1985 until his death. In 1998, ''The Daily Advertiser'' bought the local alternative Alternative or alternate may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Alternative (''Kamen Rider''), a character in the Japanese TV series ''Kamen Rider Ryuki'' * ''The ...
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The Times (Shreveport)
''The Times'' is a Gannett daily newspaper based in Shreveport, Louisiana. Its distribution area includes 12 parishes in Northwest Louisiana and three counties in East Texas. Its coverage focuses on issues affecting the Shreveport-Bossier market, and includes investigative reporting, community news, arts and entertainment, government, education, sports, business, and religion, along with local opinion/commentary. Its website provides news updates, videos, photo galleries, forums, blogs, event calendars, entertainment, classifieds, contests, databases, and a regional search engine. Local news content produced by ''The Times'' is available on the website at no charge for seven days. History From 1895 to 1991, ''The Times'' had competition from the afternoon Monday-Saturday daily, the since defunct ''Shreveport Journal''. The papers were later printed at the same 222 Lake Street address and shared opposite sides of the building, but were entirely separate and independent of the ot ...
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The Hillsdale Daily News
The ''Hillsdale Daily News'' is a daily newspaper published in Hillsdale, Michigan, in the United States. It is owned by GateHouse Media. The ''Daily News'' covers Hillsdale County, Michigan, including the city of Hillsdale and the cities and villages of Camden, Jonesville, Litchfield, Pittsford and Reading Reading is the process of taking in the sense or meaning of Letter (alphabet), letters, symbols, etc., especially by Visual perception, sight or Somatosensory system, touch. For educators and researchers, reading is a multifaceted process invo .... History Founded in the 1846 as the weekly ''Hillsdale Whig Standard'', the newspaper dropped the name "Whig" in 1851 and converted to daily publication as the ''Hillsdale Daily Standard Herald'', after absorbing its local competitor the ''Herald-Democrat'', in 1909. From 1911 to 1915 it was called simply ''The Hillsdale Daily'' before adopting its current name. The paper was formerly owned by Stauffer Communications, ...
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Rómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Ernesto Betancourt Bello (22 February 1908 – 28 September 1981; ), known as "The Father of Venezuelan Democracy", was the president of Venezuela, serving from 1945 to 1948 and again from 1959 to 1964, as well as leader of Acción Democrática, Venezuela's dominant political party in the 20th century. Betancourt, one of Venezuela's most important political figures, led a tumultuous career in Latin American politics. Periods of exile brought Betancourt in contact with various Latin American countries as well as the United States, securing his legacy as one of the most prominent international leaders to emerge from 20th-century Latin America. Scholars credit Betancourt as the Founding Father of modern democratic Venezuela. Early years Betancourt was born in Guatire, a town near Caracas. His parents were Luis Betancourt Bello (of Canary origins) and Virginia Bello Milano. He attended a private school in Guatire, followed by high school at the ''Liceo Caracas'' in Ca ...
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Marcos Pérez Jiménez
Marcos Evangelista Pérez Jiménez (25 April 1914 – 20 September 2001) was a Venezuelan military and general officer of the Army of Venezuela and the dictator of Venezuela from 1950 to 1958, ruling as member of the military junta from 1950 to 1952 and as president from 1952 to 1958. He took part in the 1948 coup d'état, becoming part of the ruling junta. He ran in the 1952 election. However, the junta cancelled the election when early results indicated that the opposition was ahead, and declared Jiménez provisional president. He became president in 1953 and instituted a constitution that granted him dictatorial powers. Under Pérez's rule, the rise of oil prices facilitated many public works projects, including roads, bridges, government buildings and public housing, as well as the rapid development of industries such as hydroelectricity, mining, and steel. The economy of Venezuela developed rapidly while Pérez was in power. On the other hand, Pérez presided over on ...
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Saint Raphael's Cathedral (Madison, Wisconsin)
Saint Raphael's Cathedral is the cathedral and a parish for the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madison and was located in downtown Madison, Wisconsin Madison is the county seat of Dane County and the capital city of the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2020 census the population was 269,840, making it the second-largest city in Wisconsin by population, after Milwaukee, and the 80th-lar ... at 222 West Main Street. In March 2005, the Cathedral building located at 204 West Main Street was heavily damaged in a fire and was demolished. The parish community remains active, and hopes to rebuild the cathedral. As of October 2015, no plans had been announced for the rebuilding. In late 2012, the diocese constructed a park on the site, called Cathedral Square or Cathedral Place featuring a Way of the Cross. History In the early 1840s, immigrants from Ireland settled in what would later become Madison. They were soon organized into a parish named after the Archangel Raphael. On Augus ...
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The Capital Times
''The Capital Times'' (or ''Cap Times'') is a digital-first newspaper published in Madison, Wisconsin by The Capital Times Company. The company also owns 50 percent of Capital Newspapers, which now does business as Madison Media Partners. The other half is owned by Lee Enterprises (NYSE: LEE). ''The Capital Times'' formerly published paper editions Mondays through Saturdays. The print version ceased daily (Monday–Saturday) paper publication with its April 26, 2008 edition. It became a primarily digital news operation while continuing to publish a weekly tabloid in print. Its weekly print publication is delivered with the ''Wisconsin State Journal'' on Wednesdays and distributed in racks throughout Madison. History Early years ''The Capital Times'' began publishing as an afternoon daily on December 13, 1917, competing directly with the ''Wisconsin State Journal''. ''The Cap Times'' founder, William T. Evjue, previously served as managing editor and business manager of the ''Stat ...
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San Tomé, Venezuela
San Tomé is an oil company town, or camp, located about 8 miles northeast of the city of El Tigre, in the States of Venezuela, state of Anzoátegui in Venezuela. The town of San José de Guanipa, also called El Tigrito, lies between El Tigre and San Tomé. San Tomé lies about north of the Orinoco River, and about south of Puerto la Cruz and its oil refineries on the Caribbean Sea. San Tomé was originally an Americans, American planned community built in the 1930s by and for the Mene Grande Oil Company, a subsidiary of Gulf Oil Corporation. Ownership of San Tomé was assumed by PDVSA, Petróleos de Venezuela, Sociedad Anónima (PDVSA) after the oil industry was nationalized in 1975. Geography San Tomé is located within the eastern Venezuelan Llanos. It is therefore situated on a flat, open, nearly barren plain; the area is often referred to as the "Mesa de Guanipa" (Table of Guanipa). The elevation of San Tomé is about . The climate is fairly steady year round with high tem ...
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Newspapers
A newspaper is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Newspapers have traditionally been published in print (usually on cheap, low-grade paper called newsprint). However, today most newspapers are also published on websites as online newspapers, and some have even abandoned their print versions entirely. Newspapers developed in the 17th ...
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The Pensacola News Journal
The '' Pensacola News Journal'' is a daily morning newspaper serving Escambia and Santa Rosa counties in Florida. It is Northwest Florida's most widely read daily. The ''News Journal'' is owned by Gannett, a national media holding company that owns newspapers such as '' USA Today'' and the '' Arizona Republic'', among others. History The heritage of the ''News Journal'' can be traced back to 1889, when a group of Pensacola businessmen founded the ''Pensacola Daily News''. The ''Daily News'' printed its first issue on 5 March 1889, with an initial circulation of 2,500 copies. Then, in March 1897, a Pensacolian named M. Loftin founded a newsweekly, the ''Pensacola Journal''. The ''Journal'' converted to a daily format a year later. The two dailies competed fiercely, each driving the other to edge of bankruptcy in the struggle to be recognised as Pensacola's top daily newspaper. By 1922, the ''Journal'' was in dire financial trouble, and was eventually purchased by New Yo ...
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