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Elektronika B3-34
Elektronika B3-34 (Cyrillic: Электроника Б3-34) was a Soviet programmable calculator. It was released in 1980 and was sold for 85 rubles. B3-34 used reverse Polish notation and had 98 bytes of instruction memory, four stack user registers and 14 addressable registers. Each register could store up to 8 mantissa or Significand digits and two exponent digits in the range to . The first Soviet programmable stationary calculator the ISKRA 123, using mains power, was released at the beginning of the 1970s. The first programmable battery-powered pocket calculator Elektronika B3-21 was developed by the end of 1977 and released at the beginning of 1978. Its successor, B3-34, wasn't backward compatible with B3-21. The instruction set, hardware architecture and microcode of the B3-34 defined the standard of the later Soviet programmable hand-held and office-desk calculators: , , , . Model numbers do not follow any special order: MK-54 is a slightly upgraded version of B3-34 an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
EEPROM
EEPROM (also called E2PROM) stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only memory and is a type of non-volatile memory used in computers, usually integrated in microcontrollers such as smart cards and remote keyless systems, or as a separate chip device to store relatively small amounts of data by allowing individual bytes to be erased and reprogrammed. EEPROMs are organized as arrays of floating-gate transistors. EEPROMs can be programmed and erased in-circuit, by applying special programming signals. Originally, EEPROMs were limited to single-byte operations, which made them slower, but modern EEPROMs allow multi-byte page operations. An EEPROM has a limited life for erasing and reprogramming, now reaching a million operations in modern EEPROMs. In an EEPROM that is frequently reprogrammed, the life of the EEPROM is an important design consideration. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM designed for high speed and high density, at the expense of large erase block ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seven-segment Display Character Representations
The topic of seven-segment display character representations revolves around the various shapes of numerical digits, letters, and punctuation devisable on seven-segment displays. Such representation of characters is not standardized by any relevant entity (e.g. ISO, IEEE or IEC). Unicode provides encoding codepoint for segmented digits in Unicode 13.0 in Symbols for Legacy Computing block. Digit Two basic conventions are in common use for some Arabic numerals: display segment ''A'' is optional for digit 6 (/), segment ''F'' for 7 (/), and segment ''D'' for 9 (/). Although ''EF'' () could also be used to represent digit 1, this seems to be rarely done if ever. ''CDEG'' () is occasionally encountered on older calculators to represent 0. In Unicode 13.0, 10 codepoints had been given for segmented digits 0–9 in the Symbols for Legacy Computing block: Alphabet In addition to the ten digits, seven-segment displays can be used to show most letters of the Latin, Cyrillic and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elektronika MK-18M
The Elektronika MK-18M (russian: Электро́ника МК-18М) was a scientific calculator manufactured in the Soviet Union. It was released in 1986. Technical specifications *Display: fluorescent, green color, contains 8 digits + minus sign + error sign *Power: 4 x AA batteries or AC adapter (with charging function) with 3-pin connector, power consumption ≤0.7W *20 buttons *Case: aluminium + plastic *Supported numbers range: ±(10E-7)...±(10E8-1) *Size: 170x86.5x27 mm, weighing around 350 grams *Ambient temperature range: +10...+35 °C See also *Elektronika B3-34 Elektronika B3-34 (Cyrillic: Электроника Б3-34) was a Soviet programmable calculator. It was released in 1980 and was sold for 85 rubles. B3-34 used reverse Polish notation and had 98 bytes of instruction memory, four stack user regist ... Computer-related introductions in 1986 Elektronika calculators {{Electronics-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calculator Spelling
Calculator spelling is an unintended characteristic of the seven-segments display traditionally used by calculators, in which, when read upside-down, the digits resemble letters of the Latin alphabet. Each digit may be mapped to one or more letters, creating a limited but functional subset of the alphabet, sometimes referred to as ''beghilos'' (or ''beghilosz''). Applications Aside from novelty and amusement, calculator spelling has limited utility. The popularity of pagers in the 1990s gave rise to a form of leetspeak called pagerspeak. Students, in particular, experimented with calculators to discover new words. English : The "original" attributed example of calculator spelling, which dates from the 1970s, is 5318008, which when turned over spells "BOOBIES". Another early example of calculator spelling offered the sequence 0.7734, which becomes "hello", or could also be written as “0.1134”. Other words possible with the traditional "BEghILOSZ" set include "LOOSE", "S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Novosibirsk
Novosibirsk (, also ; rus, Новосиби́рск, p=nəvəsʲɪˈbʲirsk, a=ru-Новосибирск.ogg) is the largest city and administrative centre of Novosibirsk Oblast and Siberian Federal District in Russia. As of the 2021 Census, it had a population of 1,633,595, making it the most populous city in Siberia and the third-most populous city in Russia. The city is located in southwestern Siberia, on the banks of the Ob River. Novosibirsk was founded in 1893 on the Ob River crossing point of the future Trans-Siberian Railway, where the Novosibirsk Rail Bridge was constructed. Originally named Novonikolayevsk ("New Nicholas") in honor of Emperor Nicholas II, the city rapidly grew into a major transport, commercial, and industrial hub. Novosibirsk was ravaged by the Russian Civil War but recovered during the early Soviet period and gained its present name, Novosibirsk ("New Siberia"), in 1926. Under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, Novosibirsk became one of the large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Microcode
In processor design, microcode (μcode) is a technique that interposes a layer of computer organization between the central processing unit (CPU) hardware and the programmer-visible instruction set architecture of a computer. Microcode is a layer of hardware-level instructions that implement higher-level machine code instructions or internal finite-state machine sequencing in many digital processing elements. Microcode is used in general-purpose central processing units, although in current desktop CPUs, it is only a fallback path for cases that the faster hardwired control unit cannot handle. Microcode typically resides in special high-speed memory and translates machine instructions, state machine data, or other input into sequences of detailed circuit-level operations. It separates the machine instructions from the underlying electronics so that instructions can be designed and altered more freely. It also facilitates the building of complex multi-step instructions, whil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nauka I Zhizn
''Nauka i Zhizn'' (''Science and Life'', russian: Наука и жизнь) is a science magazine first issued during the years 1890–1900 in Imperial Russia, and then since 1934 in the Soviet Union (and continued in the Russian Federation Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ... today). References External links''Nauka i Zhizn'' website 1890 establishments in the Russian Empire Magazines established in 1890 Magazines published in Moscow Magazines published in the Soviet Union Popular science magazines Russian-language magazines Science and technology magazines published in Russia Science and technology in the Soviet Union {{Europe-sci-mag-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HP-41
The HP-41C series are programmable, expandable, continuous memory handheld RPN calculators made by Hewlett-Packard from 1979 to 1990. The original model, HP-41C, was the first of its kind to offer alphanumeric display capabilities. Later came the HP-41CV and HP-41CX, offering more memory and functionality. The alphanumeric "revolution" The alphanumeric LCD screen of the HP-41C revolutionized the way a pocket calculator could be used, providing user friendliness (for its time) and expandability (keyboard-unassigned functions could be spelled out alphabetically). By using an alphanumeric display, the calculator could tell the user what was going on: it could display error messages, such as showing ("DATA ERROR") upon attempting to divide by zero instead of simply displaying a blinking zero; it could also specifically prompt the user for arguments ("ENTER RADIUS") instead of just displaying a question mark. Earlier calculators needed a key, or key combination, for every ava ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Synthetic Programming (HP-41)
Synthetic programming is an advanced technique for programming the HP-41C and Elektronika B3-34 calculators, involving creating instructions (or combinations of instructions and operands) that cannot be obtained using the standard capabilities of the calculator. Some HP-41C instructions are coded in memory using multiple byte The byte is a unit of digital information that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable uni ...s. Some of these sequence of bytes correspond to instructions the calculator is able to execute, but these cannot be entered in the program memory using conventional program entry methods (''i.e.'' using the calculator as described in the user's manual.) Synthetic programming uses a bug in the calculator firmware to enter those byte sequences as a sequence of other instructions, then partially skipping halfway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soyuz TM-7
Soyuz TM-7 was a crewed Soyuz spaceflight to Mir.The mission report is available here: http://www.spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-TM7.htm It launched on 26 November 1988, at 15:49:34, and was the start of the fourth long duration expedition to Mir, Mir EO-4. The crew would join the third crew member of EO-4, cosmonaut/physician Valeri Polyakov, who was on Mir for the second half of EO-3. Also launched by Soyuz TM-7 was French astronaut Jean-Loup Chrétien, who would take part in the 24-day French mission known as Mir Aragatz. The spacecraft Soyuz TM-7 remained docked to Mir for the duration of EO-4. At the end of EO-4 in April 1989, due to delays in the launch schedule, Mir was left uncrewed, and all three EO-4 crew members were transported back to Earth. Crew Backup crew *Aleksandr Viktorenko *Aleksandr Serebrov *Michel Tognini Mission parameters *Mass: 7,000 kg 15,400 lb *Perigee: 194 km (120 mi) *Apogee: 235 km (146 mi) *Inclination: 51.6 ° * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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