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El Stronato
The dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner, colloquially known as El Stronismo or El Stronato, was the period of almost 35 years in the history of Paraguay in which army general Alfredo Stroessner ruled the country under a one-party authoritarian military dictatorship, from 15 August 1954 to 3 February 1989. Historical context After the Paraguayan Civil war and overthrow of the Higinio Moríñigo regime, Juan Natalicio González assumed the Presidency, but he was soon overthrown and followed by Presidents who held power for only a few months each. Some stability was achieved after Federico Chávez was elected on 10 September 1949. Three weeks after taking office, Chávez imposed a state of siege, using his executive emergency powers under the Constitution of 1940 to attack the supporters of González and of ex-President Felipe Molas López. The growing economic problems after two decades of extreme political and social unrest had undermined and shattered Paraguay's economy. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1954 Paraguayan Coup D'état
The 1954 Paraguayan coup d'état occurred in May 1954. It was led by Alfredo Stroessner, with the support of Epifanio Méndez Fleitas, and resulted in the overthrow of the government of Federico Chávez. The coup was the culmination of a complex series of political rivalries within the ruling Colorado Party. Approximately 25 people were killed during the putsch, which helped set the stage for the election of Stroessner as president of Paraguay later that year. Background By the 1950s, social and political stability in Paraguay had been severely eroded due to more than two decades of crises, including the Second Paraguayan Civil War, the Chaco War, and the pro-Nazi Party sympathies of former president Higinio Morínigo. President Federico Chávez, who had declared a state of siege and initiated a crackdown against his political opponents shortly after taking office, faced an uncertain economic situation in Paraguay and turned to Central Bank president Epifanio Méndez Fleitas to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
One-party
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a means by which organizational policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. In many countries, the government has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy. While all types of organizations have governance, the term ''government'' is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments and subsidiary organizations. The major types of political systems in the modern era are democracies, monarchies, and authoritarian and totalitarian regimes. Historically prevalent forms of government include monarchy, aristocracy, timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, theocracy, and tyranny. These forms are not always mutually exclusive, and mixed governme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Black Market
A black market, underground economy, or shadow economy is a clandestine market or series of transactions that has some aspect of illegality or is characterized by noncompliance with an institutional set of rules. If the rule defines the set of goods and services whose production and distribution is prohibited by law, non-compliance with the rule constitutes a black market trade since the transaction itself is illegal. Parties engaging in the production or distribution of prohibited goods and services are members of the . Examples include the illegal drug trade, prostitution (where prohibited), illegal currency transactions, and human trafficking. Violations of the tax code involving income tax evasion in the . Because tax evasion or participation in a black market activity is illegal, participants attempt to hide their behavior from the government or regulatory authority. Cash is the preferred medium of exchange in illegal transactions since cash transactions are less-easi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Soft Loan
A soft loan is a loan with a below-market rate of interest. This is also known as ''soft financing''. Sometimes soft loans provide other concessions to borrowers, such as long repayment periods or interest holidays. Soft loans are usually provided by governments to projects they think are worthwhile. The World Bank and other development institutions provide soft loans to developing countries. This contrasts with a hard loan, which has to be paid back in an agreed hard currency, usually of a country with a stable robust economy. An example of a soft loan is a $2 billion loan by China's Export-Import Bank to Angola in October 2004 to help build infrastructure. In return, the Angolan government gave China a stake in oil exploration off the coast. Another example is the interest free soft loan of Rs. 20 billion given by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to the government of West Bengal West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eas ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Per Capita
''Per capita'' is a Latin phrase literally meaning "by heads" or "for each head", and idiomatically used to mean "per person". The term is used in a wide variety of social sciences and statistical research contexts, including government statistics, economic indicators, and built environment studies. It is commonly used in the field of statistics in place of saying "per person" (although ''per caput'' is the Latin for "per head"). It is also used in wills to indicate that each of the named beneficiaries should receive, by devise or bequest, equal shares of the estate. This is in contrast to a ''per stirpes'' division, in which each branch (Latin ''stirps'', plural ''stirpes'') of the inheriting family inherits an equal share of the estate. This is often used with the ‘2-0 rule’, a statistical principle that determines which group is larger per capita. Under the 2-0 rule, a group is the largest per capita if it has both the biggest total size and size of the group of the obje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federal Research Division
The Federal Research Division (FRD) is the research and analysis unit of the United States Library of Congress. The Federal Research Division provides directed research and analysis on domestic and international subjects to agencies of the United States government, the District of Columbia, and authorized federal contractors. As expert users of the vast English and foreign-language collections of the Library of Congress, the Division's area and subject specialists employ the resources of the world's largest library and other information sources worldwide to produce impartial and comprehensive studies on a cost-recovery basis. The Federal Research Program is run by the Federal Research Division (FRD), the fee-for-service research and analysis unit within the Library of Congress. The Federal Research Program of the Library of Congress was authorized by the United States Congress in accordance with the Library of Congress Fiscal Operations Improvement Act of 2000 (2 U.S.C. 182c). FR ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Library Of Congress
The Library of Congress (LOC) is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the ''de facto'' national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the country. The library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C.; it also maintains a conservation center in Culpeper, Virginia. The library's functions are overseen by the Librarian of Congress, and its buildings are maintained by the Architect of the Capitol. The Library of Congress is one of the largest libraries in the world. Its "collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 470 languages." Congress moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800 after holding sessions for eleven years in the temporary national capitals in New York City and Philadelphia. In both cities, members of the U.S. Congress had access to the sizable collection ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Felipe Molas López
Felipe Benigno Molas López (10 July 1901 – 17 November 1954) was 39th President of Paraguay from February 27, 1949 – September 10, 1949, when he resigned. Life Early life Born in 1901 in Yuty, Caazapá Department. Once he completed high school, he pursued Dentistry in Paris. He obtained in Bordeaux a specialization in implant, all new to medical science of the early twentieth century, becoming one of the firsts Paraguayans to get a degree in that field. Chaco War He served in the war with Bolivia where he reached the rank of captain of Health. In the postwar, he took active participation in drawing up plans for the installation of the Faculty of Dentistry at the National University which was located in the previous residence of former president José P. Guggiari. He practiced a successful career but was stopped by attracting the magnetism of politics, which Paraguayans from all scales feel so much affection for. He became a member of the Colorado Party in his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emergency Powers
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state during a natural disaster, civil unrest, armed conflict, medical pandemic or epidemic or other biosecurity risk. ''Justitium'' is its equivalent in Roman law—a concept in which the Roman Senate could put forward a final decree (''senatus consultum ultimum'') that was not subject to dispute yet helped save lives in times of strife. Relationship with international law Under international law, rights and freedoms may be suspended during a state of emergency, depending on the severity of the emergency and a government's policies. Use and viewpoints Though fairly uncommon in democracies, dictatorial regimes often declare a state of emergency that is prolonged indefinitely for the life of the regime, or for extended periods of time so that de ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Federico Chávez
Federico Chávez Careaga (February 15, 1882 – April 24, 1978) was a Paraguayan politician and soldier who served as President of Paraguay from September 10, 1949, to May 4, 1954. He was a member of the Colorado Party. Early life Chávez was born on February 15, 1882, in Paraguarí. His parents were the Portuguese Federico Chávez and his wife Felicia Careaga, from Guaira, Paraguay. Political history Chávez, who received his law degree in 1905, was a longtime leader of the right-of-centre National Republican Association, better known as the Colorado Party. When his party served in a coalition government in 1946, Chávez was appointed to the Supreme Court. He served as Paraguay's foreign minister from 1947. He was elected in April 1949 as President of the Chamber of Representatives,https://www.csj.gov.py/cache/lederes/P-1-011949-L-85-0.pdf and kept that post until he became president in September 1949. He was elected for a three-year term in 1950 and later reelected in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juan Natalicio González
Juan Natalicio González Paredes (8 September 1897 – 6 December 1966) was a Paraguayan poet who served as President of Paraguay from 15 August 1948 to 30 January 1949. Early life Natalicio González was born in Villarrica in the department of Guairá. Having lost his parents, he moved to Asunción, Paraguay's capital, in 1912 to finish his high school studies. He graduated in 1915 from the Colegio Nacional de Asunción (Asunción's National College), and planned to study medicine in the Universidad Nacional de Asunción (Asunción's National University). However, that same year the government shut down the UNA's medical school. Meanwhile, Natalicio started developing a career as journalist and writer, and became affiliated with the Colorado Party. He had no further formal education, but he achieved an outstanding intellectual level through a very disciplined self-education. In 1928 he married Lydia Frutos, a well-known Paraguayan socialite. Lydia was famous for her beauty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Higinio Moríñigo
Higinio is a given name. Notable people with the name include: *Higinio Anglés (1888–1969), Spanish musicologist *Higinio Cazón (1866–1914), musician and Songwriter *Higinio Marín Escavy (born 1993), Spanish footballer *Higinio García Fernández (1956–2017), Spanish footballer *Higinio Fernández (born 1988), Spanish racing cyclist riding for Team Ecuador *Higinio Chávez García (born 1959), Mexican politician affiliated with the Party of the Democratic Revolution *José Higinio Gómez González (1932–2008), Spanish Roman Catholic bishop *Higinio Moríñigo (1897–1983), general and political figure in Paraguay *Higinio Ortúzar (1915–1982), retired Chilean footballer *Higinio Ruvalcaba (1905–1976), Mexican violinist and composer *Higinio Uriarte (1843–1909), Paraguayan politician and President from 1877 to 1878 *Higinio Vélez (1947–2021), Cuban baseball manager See also *General Higinio Morínigo, town in the Caazapá department of Paraguay *Higieniewo Higie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
