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Eighth Amendment To The U.S. Constitution
The Eighth Amendment (Amendment VIII) to the United States Constitution protects against imposing excessive bail, excessive fines, or cruel and unusual punishments. This amendment was adopted on December 15, 1791, along with the rest of the United States Bill of Rights. The amendment serves as a limitation upon the federal government to impose unduly harsh penalties on criminal defendants before and after a conviction. This limitation applies equally to the price for obtaining pretrial release and the punishment for crime after conviction. The phrases in this amendment originated in the English Bill of Rights of 1689. The prohibition against cruel and unusual punishments has led courts to hold that the Constitution totally prohibits certain kinds of punishment, such as drawing and quartering. Under the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause, the Supreme Court has struck down the application of capital punishment in some instances, but capital punishment is still permitted in s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cruel Snippet Red
Cruelty is the pleasure in inflicting suffering or inaction towards another's suffering when a clear remedy is readily available. Sadism can also be related to this form of action or concept. Cruel ways of inflicting suffering may involve violence, but affirmative violence is not necessary for an act to be cruel. For example, if a person is drowning and begging for help and another person is able to help with no cost or risk, but is merely watching with disinterest or perhaps mischievous amusement, that person is being cruel—rather than violent. George Eliot stated that "cruelty, like every other vice, requires no motive outside itself; it only requires opportunity." Bertrand Russell stated that "the infliction of cruelty with a good conscience is a delight to moralists. That is why they invented Hell." Gilbert K. Chesterton stated that "cruelty is, perhaps, the worst kind of sin. Intellectual cruelty is certainly the worst kind of cruelty." The word has metaphorical uses, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James II Of England
James VII and II (14 October 1633 16 September 1701) was King of England and King of Ireland as James II, and King of Scotland as James VII from the death of his elder brother, Charles II, on 6 February 1685. He was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Catholic monarch of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religious tolerance, but it also involved struggles over the principles of absolutism and the divine right of kings. His deposition ended a century of political and civil strife in England by confirming the primacy of the English Parliament over the Crown. James succeeded to the thrones of England, Ireland, and Scotland following the death of his brother with widespread support in all three countries, largely because the principles of eligibility based on divine right and birth were widely accepted. Tolerance of his personal Catholicism did not extend to tolerance of Catholicism in general, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Queen's Bench (England)
The Court of King's Bench, formally known as The Court of the King Before the King Himself, was a court of common law in the English legal system. Created in the late 12th to early 13th century from the '' curia regis'', the King's Bench initially followed the monarch on his travels. The King's Bench finally joined the Court of Common Pleas and Exchequer of Pleas in Westminster Hall in 1318, making its last travels in 1421. The King's Bench was merged into the High Court of Justice by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1873, after which point the King's Bench was a division within the High Court. The King's Bench was staffed by one Chief Justice (now the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales) and usually three Puisne Justices. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the King's Bench's jurisdiction and caseload was significantly challenged by the rise of the Court of Chancery and equitable doctrines as one of the two principal common law courts along with the Common Pleas. T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mary II Of England
Mary II (30 April 166228 December 1694) was List of English monarchs, Queen of England, List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland, and Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland, co-reigning with her husband, William III of England, William III & II, from 1689 until her death in 1694. Mary was the eldest daughter of James, Duke of York, and his first wife Anne Hyde. Mary and her sister Anne, Queen of Great Britain, Anne were raised as Anglicans at the behest of their uncle, Charles II of England, King Charles II, although their parents both List of converts to Catholicism, converted to Roman Catholicism. Charles lacked legitimate children, making Mary second in the Succession to the British throne, line of succession. She Cousin marriage, married her first cousin, William of Orange, a Protestantism, Protestant, in 1677. Charles died in 1685 and James took the throne, making Mary heir presumptive. James's attempts at rule by decree and the birth of his son from a second marriage, James Francis Edwar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William III Of England
William III (William Henry; ; 4 November 16508 March 1702), also widely known as William of Orange, was the sovereign Prince of Orange from birth, Stadtholder of County of Holland, Holland, County of Zeeland, Zeeland, Lordship of Utrecht, Utrecht, Guelders, and Lordship of Overijssel, Overijssel in the Dutch Republic from the 1670s, and King of England, Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland, and List of Scottish monarchs, Scotland from 1689 until his death in 1702. As King of Scotland, he is known as William II. He is sometimes informally known as "King Billy" in Ireland and Scotland. His victory at the Battle of the Boyne in 1690 is The Twelfth, commemorated by Unionism in the United Kingdom, Unionists, who display Orange Order, orange colours in his honour. He ruled Britain alongside his wife and cousin, Queen Mary II, and popular histories usually refer to their reign as that of "William and Mary". William was the only child of William II, Prince of Orange, and Mary, Princess Royal an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harmelin V Michigan
''Harmelin v. Michigan'', 501 U.S. 957 (1991), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court ruled that the Eighth Amendment's Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause allowed a state to impose a life sentence without the possibility of parole for the possession of of cocaine. The Court's narrow ruling left a major question of Eighth Amendment law unresolved. Since the Court's decision in '' Gregg v. Georgia'',. the Court had incorporated a detailed proportionality analysis into the cruel and unusual punishment analysis required in capital cases. The defendant Ronald Harmelin directly asked the Court to extend the reach of that analysis to noncapital cases such as his. Although five Justices agreed that Harmelin's sentence was not unconstitutionally cruel and unusual, six Justices agreed that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause bore ''some kind'' of proportionality analysis. Yet among those ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Chitty (the Elder)
Joseph Chitty (12 March 1776 – 17 February 1841) was an England, English lawyer and legal writer, author of some of the earliest practitioners' texts and founder of an important dynasty of lawyers. Life and practice He was himself the son of a Joseph Chitty (1729–1795), and his wife, Sarah ''née'' Cartwright. He initially practised as a special pleader before being called to the bar by the Middle Temple on 28 June 1816. He never became a King's Counsel, KC but built a huge junior practice at 1 Pump Court and published many books. Chitty was also pupillage, pupil master to a generation of lawyers, including: *John Walter Hulme, his co-author and son-in-law, and the first Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Hong Kong, Chief Justice of Hong Kong *Thomas StarkieLobban (2004) *Edward Alderson (judge), Edward Hall Alderson *Thomas Noon Talfourd *Henry Havelock. In fact, at the time, the Inns of Court were in decline and Chitty organised lectures and moot court, moots, in 1810 be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Death Penalty
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, is the state-sanctioned practice of deliberately killing a person as a punishment for an actual or supposed crime, usually following an authorized, rule-governed process to conclude that the person is responsible for violating norms that warrant said punishment. The sentence ordering that an offender is to be punished in such a manner is known as a death sentence, and the act of carrying out the sentence is known as an execution. A prisoner who has been sentenced to death and awaits execution is ''condemned'' and is commonly referred to as being "on death row". Crimes that are punishable by death are known as ''capital crimes'', ''capital offences'', or ''capital felonies'', and vary depending on the jurisdiction, but commonly include serious crimes against the person, such as murder, mass murder, aggravated cases of rape (often including child sexual abuse), terrorism, aircraft hijacking, war crimes, crimes against hum ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Weems V
Weems may refer to: People: * Capell Lane Weems (1860-1913), Republican Congressman from Ohio * Carrie Mae Weems (born 1953), American photographer *Debbie Weems (1951-1978), American actress *Donald Weems, birth name of Kuwasi Balagoon (1946-1986), American Black Panther, member of the Black Liberation Army, and New Afrikan anarchist * Eric Weems (born 1985), American National Football League player *John Crompton Weems (1778-1862), American politician *Jordan Weems (born 1992), American baseball player *Katherine Lane Weems (1899-1989), American sculptor * Kimberly Weems, American statistician *Mason Locke Weems, generally known as Parson Weems (1759-1825), American book agent and author * P. V. H. Weems (1889-?), inventor of air navigation and related instruments * Priscilla Weems (born 1972), American actress *Sonny Weems (born 1986), American National Basketball Association player; now player for Maccabi Tel Aviv of the Israeli Premier League and the Euroleague * Ted Weems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furman V
Furman may refer to: Places * Furman, Alabama, an unincorporated community in Wilcox County, United States * Furman, South Carolina, a town in Hampton County, United States * Furman, Alberta, Canada * Furman, Poland * Furman Bluffs, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica * Furman Historic District, a historic district in the community of Furman, Alabama, United States Other * Furman (surname), including a list of people with the name * Furman, a unit of angular measure equal to (2−16) of a circle and named for Alan T. Furman * ''Furman v. Georgia'', a United States Supreme Court decision that temporarily abolished capital punishment in the U.S. * Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, a joint center at New York University School of Law and the NYU Wagner School of Public Service * Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina See also * Forman (other) * Foreman (other) * Fuhrman, a surname * Furmanov (other) Furmanov may refer to: *Dmitry Furmanov ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ingraham V
Ingraham may refer to: People * Andrew Ingraham (1841–1905), philologist and schoolmaster * Chrys Ingraham (born 1947), American sociologist * Duncan Ingraham (1802–1891), officer in the United States Navy and Confederate States Navy * Edward Sturgis Ingraham (1852–1926), first superintendent of the Seattle Public Schools and mountaineer * Elizabeth Wright Ingraham (1922–2013), American architect and educator * George Landon Ingraham (1847–1931), American lawyer and judge * Hubert Ingraham (born 1947), second prime minister of the Bahamas * Joseph Ingraham (1762–1800), American sailor and fur trader * Joseph Holt Ingraham (1809–1860), American author * Laura Ingraham (born 1963), American television and talk radio host * Lloyd Ingraham (1874–1956), American actor and director * Mary Ingraham (1901–1982), Bahamian suffragist * Mary Shotwell Ingraham (1887–1981), American social reformer and founder of the United Service Organizations (USO) * Pat Ingraham (bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
