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Ehestandshilfe
Ehestandshilfe ("marriage assistance") was a tax levied on unmarried people in Nazi Germany as part of the Nazi state's policy of natalism, and used to contribute to the costs of the marriage loan system. This was levied at a rate of 2–5% of gross annual income on those under 55 who were liable for income tax; under a law of October 16, 1934, it was incorporated into the income tax beginning in January 1935.Friedrich Hartmannsgruber, ''Die Regierung Hitler'' volume 3 ''1936'', Munich: Oldenbourg, 2002, p. 17 References See also * Aes uxorium * Bachelor tax * Tax on childlessness The tax on childlessness (russian: налог на бездетность, translit=nalog na bezdetnost) was imposed in the Soviet Union and other Communist countries, starting in the 1940s, as part of their natalist policies. Joseph Stalin's regim ... Taxation in Germany Natalism Abolished taxes Taxes promoting marriage and reproduction {{Nazi-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marriage Loan
Marriage loans (german: Ehestandsdarlehen, ) were part of the promotion of the family in Nazi Germany. Instituted in 1933, they were offered to newlywed couples in the form of vouchers for household goods, initially on condition that the woman stopped working. Unless the husband's earnings were very low, interest rates on the loans continued to be lower if only he worked; and one quarter of the principal was forgiven for each child. Marriage loans were created by the "Law for the Reduction of Unemployment" of June 1, 1933.Klaus-Jörg Ruhl, ''Brauner Alltag: 1933–1939 in Deutschland'', Fotografierte Zeitgeschichte, Düsseldorf: Droste, 1981, , p. 63 Cornelia Schmitz-Berning, ''Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus'', Berlin/New York: de Gruyter, 1998, p. 161 Aryan newlyweds were eligible to receive an interest-free loan of 1,000 Reichsmarks,Richard Grunberger, ''A Social History of the Third Reich'', London: Weidenfeld, 1971, , p. 235. in the form of vouchers in the husband's name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bachelor Tax
A bachelor tax is a punitive tax imposed on unmarried men. In the modern era, many countries do vary tax rates by marital status, so current references to bachelor taxes are typically implicit rather than explicit; and given the state of tax law is very complicated, as tax accountancy concepts like income splitting can come into play. Such explicit measures historically would be instituted as part of a moral panic due to the important status given to marriage at various times and places (as in Ancient Rome, or in various U.S. state legislatures during the early 20th century). Frequently, this would be attached to racial (e.g., as part of Apartheid policies) or nationalistic reasons (as in Fascist Italy or Nazi Germany).J. Pollard, The Fascist Experience in Italy, London, 1998, pp. 78-9. More recently, bachelor taxes were viewed as part of a general tax on childlessness, which were used frequently by member states of the Warsaw Pact. Timeline Rationale Moral panic and hom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aes Uxorium
The aes uxorium was a Roman tax paid by those who reached adulthood without marrying,Harry Thurston Peck. Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities. New York. Harper and Brothers. 1898. with the exception of the Vestal Virgins.Ulpian Fragmentum xvii.1 History It was first imposed by the censors in 403 BC under the ''Lex Papia Poppaea''. It was one of the many measures against ''caelibes'' (celibates), unless they married within 100 days. Not only did they have to pay the tax, but also they could not have a ''hereditas'' or a legacy (''legatum''). A man, when he attained the age of sixty, and a woman, when she attained the age of fifty, were not included within certain penalties of the law.Ulp. Frag. xvi If they had not obeyed the law before attaining those respective ages, they were perpetually bound by its penalties by a ''senatus consultum Pernicianum''. A ''senatus consultum Claudianum'' so far modified the strictness of the new rule as to give a man who married above sixty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a dictatorship. Under Hitler's rule, Germany quickly became a totalitarian state where nearly all aspects of life were controlled by the government. The Third Reich, meaning "Third Realm" or "Third Empire", alluded to the Nazi claim that Nazi Germany was the successor to the earlier Holy Roman Empire (800–1806) and German Empire (1871–1918). The Third Reich, which Hitler and the Nazis referred to as the Thousand-Year Reich, ended in May 1945 after just 12 years when the Allies defeated Germany, ending World War II in Europe. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany, the head of gove ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natalism
Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is an ideology that promotes the reproduction of human life as the preeminent objective of being human. Compare: The term, as it relates to the belief itself, comes from the French word for 'birthrate', . Natalism promotes child-bearing and parenthood as desirable for social reasons and to ensure the continuance of humanity. Natalism in public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children. Those who adhere to more strict interpretations of natalism may seek to limit access to abortion and contraception, as well. The opposite of natalism is antinatalism. Motives Religion Many religions encourage procreation and religiousness in members is tied to higher fertility rates. Judaism, Islam, and major branches of Christianity, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Catholic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shepard B
Shepard may refer to: *A common misspelling of shepherd *Alan Shepard, American astronaut and member of the Apollo 14 moon mission * Shepard, Alberta, Canada *Shepard, Missouri, a ghost town *Shepard (name) *Shepard tone, a sound consisting of a superposition of sine waves separated by octaves *Shepard Settlement, New York *Shepard Industrial, Calgary *Shepard's method, a form of inverse distance weighted interpolation * George F. Shepard House, a historic home in Omaha, Nebraska *Blue Origin New Shepard, a crewed rocket that is being developed as a commercial system for suborbital space tourism. *Shepard State Park, a state park in the U.S. state of Mississippi *Commander Shepard, the protagonist of the ''Mass Effect'' video game series See also *Shepherd (other) *Sheppard (other) Sheppard can refer to: Places * Sheppard, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, United States * Sheppard Avenue in Toronto, Canada named for Joseph Shepard (1765-1837). Hence: ** Sh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tax On Childlessness
The tax on childlessness (russian: налог на бездетность, translit=nalog na bezdetnost) was imposed in the Soviet Union and other Communist countries, starting in the 1940s, as part of their natalist policies. Joseph Stalin's regime created the tax in order to encourage adult people to reproduce, thus increasing the number of people and the population of the Soviet Union. The 6% income tax affected men from the age of 25 to 50, and married women from 20 to 45 years of age. The tax remained in place until the collapse of the Soviet Union, though by the end of the Soviet Union, the amount of money which could be taxed was steadily reduced. Minister of Health Mikhail Zurabov and Deputy Chairman of the State Duma Committee for Health Protection Nikolai Gerasimenko proposed reinstating the tax in Russia in 2006, but so far it has not been reinstated. Soviet Union As originally passed and enforced from 1941 to 1990, the tax affected most childless men from 25 to 50 y ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxation In Germany
Taxes in Germany are levied by the federal government, the states (''Länder'') as well as the municipalities ('' Städte/Gemeinden''). Many direct and indirect taxes exist in Germany; income tax and VAT are the most significant. The legal basis for taxation is established in the German Constitution (german: label=none, Grundgesetz), which lays out the basic principles governing tax law. Most taxation is decided by the federal government and the states together, some are allocated solely at the federal level (e.g., customs), some are allocated to the states (excise taxes), and districts and municipalities may enact their own tax laws. Notwithstanding the division of tax law jurisdiction, in practice, 95% of all taxes are imposed at the federal level. At the federal level, the government receives tax revenues from residents in the form of individual income tax, property sales taxes, and capital gains. The amount of federal tax liability may be reduced by various deductions, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natalism
Natalism (also called pronatalism or the pro-birth position) is an ideology that promotes the reproduction of human life as the preeminent objective of being human. Compare: The term, as it relates to the belief itself, comes from the French word for 'birthrate', . Natalism promotes child-bearing and parenthood as desirable for social reasons and to ensure the continuance of humanity. Natalism in public policy typically seeks to create financial and social incentives for populations to reproduce, such as providing tax incentives that reward having and supporting children. Those who adhere to more strict interpretations of natalism may seek to limit access to abortion and contraception, as well. The opposite of natalism is antinatalism. Motives Religion Many religions encourage procreation and religiousness in members is tied to higher fertility rates. Judaism, Islam, and major branches of Christianity, including the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the Catholic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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