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EML4-ALK Positive Lung Cancer
EML4-ALK positive lung cancer is a primary malignant lung cancer, lung tumor whose cell (biology), cells contain a characteristic abnormal configuration of DNA wherein the ''echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4'' (''EML4'') gene is fused to the ''anaplastic lymphoma kinase'' (''ALK'') gene. This abnormal gene fusion leads to the production of a protein (EML4-ALK) that appears, in many cases, to promote and maintain the malignant behavior of the cancer cells. The transforming ''EML4-ALK'' fusion gene was first reported in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) in 2007. Signs and symptoms The signs and symptoms of this lung cancer variant seem to mimic those of the underlying major cell type. Diagnosis Classification Most lung carcinomas containing the ''EML4-ALK'' gene fusion are adenocarcinoma of the lung, adenocarcinomas. Some studies suggest that the papillary adenocarcinoma and the signet ring cell adenocarcinoma variants are more likely to carry this fused gene tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Micrograph
A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object. This is opposed to a macrograph or photomacrograph, an image which is also taken on a microscope but is only slightly magnified, usually less than 10 times. Micrography is the practice or art of using microscopes to make photographs. A micrograph contains extensive details of microstructure. A wealth of information can be obtained from a simple micrograph like behavior of the material under different conditions, the phases found in the system, failure analysis, grain size estimation, elemental analysis and so on. Micrographs are widely used in all fields of microscopy. Types Photomicrograph A light micrograph or photomicrograph is a micrograph prepared using an optical microscope, a process referred to as ''photomicroscopy''. At a basic level, photomicroscopy may be performed simply by connecting a camera to a microscope, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Papillary adenocarcinoma is a histological form of lung cancer that is diagnosed when the malignant cells of the tumor form complex papillary Papilla (Latin, 'nipple') or papillae may refer to: In animals * Papilla (fish anatomy), in the mouth of fish * Basilar papilla, a sensory organ of lizards, amphibians and fish * Dental papilla, in a developing tooth * Dermal papillae, part of ... structures and exhibit compressive, destructive growth that replaces the normal lung tissue. References External links World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart (Download Page). Lung cancer page at the National Cancer Institute. Lung cancer {{Oncology-stub} ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorlatinib
Lorlatinib, sold under the brand name Lorbrena in the United States, Canada, and Japan, and Lorviqua in the European Union, is an anti-cancer drug developed by Pfizer. It is an orally administered inhibitor of ALK and ROS1, two enzymes that play a role in the development of cancer. Medical uses Lorlatinib is approved in the US and in Europe for the second- or third-line treatment of ALK-positive metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is the only ALK inhibitor with meaningful activity against ALK G1202R mutation in lung cancer. Contraindications Lorlatinib must not be combined with strong inducers (i.e. activators) of the liver enzymes CYP3A4/ 5 if it can be avoided, as serious cases of liver toxicity have been observed under combination with the CYP3A4/5 inducer rifampicin. on Lorbrena. Side effects The most common side effects in studies were high blood cholesterol (84% of patients), high blood triglycerides (67%), edema (55%), peripheral neuropathy (48%), c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brigatinib
Brigatinib, sold under the brand name Alunbrig among others, is a small-molecule targeted cancer therapy being developed by Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Brigatinib acts as both an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor. Brigatinib could overcome resistance to osimertinib conferred by the EGFR C797S mutation if it is combined with an anti-EGFR antibody such as cetuximab or panitumumab. Mechanism of action Brigatinib is an inhibitor of ALK and mutated EGFR. ALK was first identified as a chromosomal rearrangement in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Genetic studies indicate that abnormal expression of ALK is a key driver of certain types of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and neuroblastomas, as well as ALCL. Since ALK is generally not expressed in normal adult tissues, it represents a highly promising molecular target for cancer therapy. Brigatinib inhibits ROS proto-oncogene-1 fusions and EGFR mutations and has a remarkab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
US FDA
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA or US FDA) is a federal agency of the Department of Health and Human Services. The FDA is responsible for protecting and promoting public health through the control and supervision of food safety, tobacco products, caffeine products, dietary supplements, prescription and over-the-counter pharmaceutical drugs (medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic radiation emitting devices (ERED), cosmetics, animal foods & feed and veterinary products. The FDA's primary focus is enforcement of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C), but the agency also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act, as well as associated regulations. Much of this regulatory-enforcement work is not directly related to food or drugs, but involves such things as regulating lasers, cellular phones, and condoms, as well as control of disease in contexts varying from h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alectinib
Alectinib (INN, marketed as Alecensa) is an oral drug that blocks the activity of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) and is used to treat non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was developed by Chugai Pharmaceutical Co. Japan, which is part of the Hoffmann-La Roche group. History, clinical trials, Approvals and medical uses Alectinib was approved in Japan in July 2014 for the treatment of ALK fusion-gene positive, unresectable, advanced or recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was granted an accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December 2015 to treat patients with advanced ALK-positive NSCLC whose disease worsened after, or who could not tolerate, treatment with crizotinib (Xalkori). (This was converted into a full approval in Nov 2017). It got a conditional approval by the European Medicines Agency in February 2017 for the same indication. This means that additional studies are awaited to confirm a positive benefit-risk-ratio. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceritinib
Ceritinib (INN, trade name Zykadia , from Novartis) is a prescription-only drug used for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It was developed by Novartis and received FDA approval for use in April 2014..Ceritinib is also sold under the brand name Spexib in few countries by Novartis . Medical uses Ceritinib is an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) inhibitor primarily used for the treatment of ALK positive metastatic NSCLC. Previously, it was only indicated for patients who had developed resistant to crizotinib, another ALK inhibitor, but has since had its usage expanded to serve as a primary option for metastatic NSCLC. Adverse effects Serious adverse effects include gastrointestinal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, interstitial lung disease, prolonged QT syndrome, hyperglycemia, bradycardia, and pancreatitis. The most commonly reported side effects were diarrhea, nausea, elevated liver enzymes, vomiting, abdominal pain, fatigue, decreased appetite, and constipation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crizotinib
Crizotinib, sold under the brand name Xalkori among others, is an anti-cancer medication used for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). It acts as an ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) and ROS1 (c-ros oncogene 1) inhibitor. Medical uses Crizotinib is indicated for the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or relapsed or refractory, systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) that is ALK-positive. It is also indicated for the treatment of unresectable, recurrent, or refractory inflammatory anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive myofibroblastic tumors (IMT). Mechanism of action Crizotinib has an aminopyridine structure, and functions as a protein kinase inhibitor by competitive binding within the Adenosine triphosphate, ATP-binding pocket of target kinases. About 4% of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma have a chromosome, chromosomal rearrangement that generates a fusion gene between ''EML4'' ('echinoderm microtubule-associ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Fluorescence ''in situ'' hybridization (FISH) is a molecular cytogenetic technique that uses fluorescent probes that bind to only particular parts of a nucleic acid sequence with a high degree of sequence complementarity. It was developed by biomedical researchers in the early 1980s to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes. Fluorescence microscopy can be used to find out where the fluorescent probe is bound to the chromosomes. FISH is often used for finding specific features in DNA for use in genetic counseling, medicine, and species identification. FISH can also be used to detect and localize specific RNA targets (mRNA, lncRNA and miRNA) in cells, circulating tumor cells, and tissue samples. In this context, it can help define the spatial-temporal patterns of gene expression within cells and tissues. Probes – RNA and DNA In biology, a probe is a single strand of DNA or RNA that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Signet Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma
Signet may refer to: *Signet, Kenya, A subsidiary of the Kenyan Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), specifically set up to broadcast and distribute the DTT signals * Signet ring, a ring with a seal set into it, typically by leaving an impression in sealing wax *Signet ring cell, a malignant cell type associated with cancers * Signet Books, a book-publishing imprint of the New American Library * Signet Press, a publisher in India. * SigneT, a class of racing dinghy, designed in 1961 by Ian Proctor * Signet (Phi Sigma Kappa), a publication produced by the fraternity Phi Sigma Kappa published four times a year * Signet Jewelers, the world's largest speciality retail jeweller * USS ''Signet'' (AM-302), a minesweeper * Kodak Signet, Kodak 1950s 35mm still camera line * Signet (automobile) Places * Signet, Ontario, a community in Canada * Signet, Oxfordshire, a hamlet in England See also * Society of Writers to Her Majesty's Signet, a legal society of solicitors in Scotland * Cygnet (di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adenocarcinoma Of The Lung
Adenocarcinoma of the lung is the most common type of lung cancer, and like other forms of lung cancer, it is characterized by distinct cellular and molecular features. It is classified as one of several non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), to distinguish it from small cell lung cancer which has a different behavior and prognosis. Lung adenocarcinoma is further classified into several subtypes and variants. The signs and symptoms of this specific type of lung cancer are similar to other forms of lung cancer, and patients most commonly complain of persistent cough and shortness of breath. Adenocarcinoma is more common in patients with a history of cigarette smoking, and is the most common form of lung cancer in younger women and Asian populations. The pathophysiology of adenocarcinoma is complicated, but generally follows a histologic progression from cells found in healthy lungs to distinctly dysmorphic, or irregular cells. There are several distinct molecular and genetic pathways ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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