|
Dreier (coin)
The ''Dreipfenniggröschlein'', commonly called the ''Dreier'' or ''Dreyer'', was a coin initially minted in the Electorate of Saxony from the 16th century. The Saxon coins referred to as ''Dreiers''Barber, Klaus (2015). ''Dreier. Altes Kleingeld'' in ''007 ist auf 17. Berühmte Zahlen und ihre Geschichten'', Cologne: Bastei Lübbe, ISBN 978-3-404-60821-8 and ISBN 3-404-60821-6, S. 70previewat Google Books were initially minted according to the coinage regulations of Duke George the Bearded from 1534 and were thus initially part of Saxon coinage history. Four ''Dreiers'' were equivalent to 3 ''Zinsgroschen''. The coins were initially made of silver or the silver/copper alloy, '' billon''. The coins, which were stamped with the number "3" and were later only made of copper, spread as a means of payment in other states throughout Central and Northern Germany up to the 19th century, including the Kingdom of Prussia and the Duchy of Brunswick where they were known as ''Dreipfennigst ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magdeburg Dreier 1622 Tor
Magdeburg (; nds, label=Low German, Low Saxon, Meideborg ) is the Capital city, capital and second-largest City, city of the Germany, German States of Germany, state Saxony-Anhalt. The city is situated at the Elbe river. Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor and founder of the Diocese#Archdiocese, Archdiocese of Magdeburg, was buried in the city's Magdeburg Cathedral, cathedral after his death. Magdeburg's version of German town law, known as Magdeburg rights, spread throughout Central Europe, Central and Eastern Europe. In the Late Middle Ages, Magdeburg was one of the largest and most prosperous German cities and a notable member of the Hanseatic League. One of the most notable people from the city is Otto von Guericke, famous for his experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres. Magdeburg has been destroyed twice in its history. The Catholic League (German), Catholic League Sack of Magdeburg, sacked Magdeburg in 1631, resulting in the death of 25,00 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Billon (alloy)
Billon () is an alloy of a precious metal (most commonly silver, but also gold) with a majority base metal content (such as copper). It is used chiefly for making coins, medals, and token coins. The word comes from the French ''bille'', which means "log". History The use of billon coins dates from ancient Greece and continued through the Middle Ages. During the sixth and fifth centuries BC, some cities on Lesbos used coins made of 60% copper and 40% silver. In both ancient times and the Middle Ages, leaner mixtures were adopted, with less than 2% silver content. Billon coins are perhaps best known from the Roman Empire, where progressive debasements of the Roman ''denarius'' and the Roman provincial ''tetradrachm'' in the second century AD led to declining silver and increasing bronze content in these denominations of coins. Eventually, by the third quarter of the second century AD, these coins were almost entirely bronze, with only a thin coating or even a wash of silver. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HRE (empire)
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 until the twelfth century, the Empire was the most powerful monarchy in Europe. Andrew Holt characterizes it as "perhaps the most powerful European state of the Middle Ages". The functioning of government depended on the harmonic cooperation (dubbed ''consensual rulership'' by Bernd Schneidmüller) between monarch and vassals but this harmony was disturbed during the Salian period. The empire reached the apex of territorial expansion and power under the House of Hohenstaufen in the mid-thirteenth century, but overextending led to partial collapse. On 25 December 800, Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne as emperor, reviving the title in Western Europe, more than three centuries after the fall of the earlier ancient Western Roman E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dreiling (coin)
Dreiling (also ''Dreyling'', ''Dreling'' or ''Driling'', Latin ''ternarius'', Danish ''trepenning'') was the name of a type of fiat coin called a ''Scheidemünze'' that was worth three ''pfennigs''. Coins of the ''Dreiling'' type were first minted after 1374 in Lübeck and a little later in Hamburg. After the treaty (''Rezess'') of 1392, it was a coin in the Wendish Coinage Union. The participating cities of Lübeck, Hamburg, Lüneburg, Rostock and Wismar agreed on a uniform appearance for the ''Dreilings''. It depicted the coat of arms of the respective city on both sides. Weight and silver content were also standardised. Some towns in Mecklenburg, Pomerania and in Denmark minted ''Dreilings'' without being a member of the Union. After the dissolution of the Wendish Coinage Union in the middle of the 16th century, ''Dreilings'' continued to be minted in northern Germany until the middle of the 19th century, and were made of copper from the end of the 18th century. Schleswig-Hols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coin
A coin is a small, flat (usually depending on the country or value), round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender. They are standardized in weight, and produced in large quantities at a mint in order to facilitate trade. They are most often issued by a government. Coins often have images, numerals, or text on them. ''Obverse'' and its opposite, ''reverse'', refer to the two flat faces of coins and medals. In this usage, ''obverse'' means the front face of the object and ''reverse'' means the back face. The obverse of a coin is commonly called ''heads'', because it often depicts the head of a prominent person, and the reverse ''tails''. Coins are usually made of metal or an alloy, or sometimes of man-made materials. They are usually disc shaped. Coins, made of valuable metal, are stored in large quantities as bullion coins. Other coins are used as money in everyday transactions, circulating alongside banknotes. Usually the highest va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Duchy Of Brunswick
The Duchy of Brunswick (german: Herzogtum Braunschweig) was a historical German state. Its capital city, capital was the city of Braunschweig, Brunswick (). It was established as the successor state of the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel by the Congress of Vienna in 1815. In the course of the 19th-century history of Germany, the duchy was part of the German Confederation, the North German Confederation and from 1871 the German Empire. It was disestablished after the end of World War I, its territory incorporated into the Weimar Republic as the Free State of Brunswick. History Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel The title "Brunswick-Lüneburg, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg" (german: Herzog zu Braunschweig und Lüneburg) was held, from 1235 on, by various members of the House of Welf, Welf (Guelph) family who ruled several small territories in northwest Germany. These holdings did not have all of the formal characteristics of a modern unitary state, being neither ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia (german: Königreich Preußen, ) was a German kingdom that constituted the state of Prussia between 1701 and 1918.Marriott, J. A. R., and Charles Grant Robertson. ''The Evolution of Prussia, the Making of an Empire''. Rev. ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1946. It was the driving force behind the unification of Germany in 1871 and was the leading state of the German Empire until its dissolution in 1918. Although it took its name from the region called Prussia, it was based in the Margraviate of Brandenburg. Its capital was Berlin. The kings of Prussia were from the House of Hohenzollern. Brandenburg-Prussia, predecessor of the kingdom, became a military power under Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, known as "The Great Elector". As a kingdom, Prussia continued its rise to power, especially during the reign of Frederick II, more commonly known as Frederick the Great, who was the third son of Frederick William I.Horn, D. B. "The Youth of Frederick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern Germany
Northern Germany (german: link=no, Norddeutschland) is a linguistic, geographic, socio-cultural and historic region in the northern part of Germany which includes the coastal states of Schleswig-Holstein, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lower Saxony and the three city-states Berlin, Hamburg and Bremen. It contrasts with Southern Germany, Western Germany and Eastern Germany. Language Northern Germany generally refers to the ''Sprachraum'' area north of the Uerdingen and Benrath line isoglosses, where Low German dialects are spoken. These comprise the Low Saxon dialects in the west (including the Westphalian language area up to the Rhineland), the East Low German region along the Baltic coast with Western Pomerania, the Altmark and northern Brandenburg, as well as the North Low German dialects. Although from the 19th century onwards, the use of Standard German was strongly promoted especially by the Prussian administration, Low German dialects are still present in rural areas, with an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Germany (geography)
Central Germany (''Zentraldeutschland''/''Mitteldeutschland''), in geography, describes the areas surrounding the geographical centre of Germany. Hesse, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia are the only landlocked German states without an international border except for the city-states of Berlin and Hamburg. Geographical centre The central point shifted several times during the country's eventful history. Today Niederdorla in the state of Thuringia claims to be the most central municipality in Germany. A plaque was erected and a lime tree planted at after the 1990 German reunification. Niederdorla, German Wikipedia Retrieved 1 Nov 2011 The point was confirmed as the centroid of the extreme coordinates by the Dresden University of Technology. Niederdorla also comprises the centre of gravity (equilibrium point) about to the southwest. Other municipalities competing are Krebeck in Lower Saxony and Edermünde in Hesse, as well as the village of Landstreit near Eisenach. The geographical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alloy
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Unlike chemical compounds with metallic bases, an alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical conductivity, ductility, opacity (optics), opacity, and lustre (mineralogy), luster, but may have properties that differ from those of the pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness. In some cases, an alloy may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties. In other cases, the mixture imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. Alloys are defined by a metallic bonding character. The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical applications, and in Atomic ratio, atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form ( native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from circa 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, circa 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.svg "Click for more on -> Duchy Of Brunswick")
