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Dugesia Dorotocephala
''Girardia dorotocephala'' is a species of dugesiid triclad native to North America. It has been accidentally introduced in Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ....Sluys, R., Kawakatsu, M., Yamamoto, K. (2010). "Exotic freshwater planarians currently known from Japan". ''Belgian Journal of Zoology'', 140 (Suppl.). p. 103-109 ''Girardia dorotocephala'' is cannibalistic, which led to its usage in memory transfer experiments. References Dugesiidae {{flatworm-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dugesiid
Dugesiidae is a family of freshwater planarians distributed worldwide (except Antarctica). The type genus is ''Dugesia'' Girard, 1850.Ball, I. R.: A contribution to the phylogeny and biogeography of the freshwater triclads (Platyhelminthes: Turbellaria). Biology of the Turbellaria (Edited by: Riser NW and Morse MP). New York: McGraw-Hill New York 1974, 339-401. Description All species of Dugesiidae live in freshwater environments and have a dorsoventrally flattened body. The head usually has a somewhat triangular shape and has two eyes (except for some subterranean eyeless species). The main differences between Dugesiidae and other freshwater planarians are related to the anatomy of the eyes and the copulatory apparatus. The eye cup in Dugesiidae is composed of several retinal cells, while in other freshwater planarians they are composed of a single cell. All freshwater planarians have an accessory organ called copulatory bursa or ''bursa copulatrix'', which is connected to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricladida
A planarian is one of the many flatworms of the traditional class Turbellaria. It usually describes free-living flatworms of the order Tricladida (triclads), although this common name is also used for a wide number of free-living platyhelminthes. Planaria are common to many parts of the world, living in both saltwater and freshwater ponds and rivers. Some species are terrestrial and are found under logs, in or on the soil, and on plants in humid areas. The triclads are characterized by triply branched intestine and anteriorly situated ovaries, next to the brain. Today the order Tricladida is split into three suborders, according to their phylogenetic relationships: Maricola, Cavernicola and Continenticola. Formerly, the Tricladida was split according to habitats: Maricola, which is marine; Paludicola which inhabits freshwater; and Terricola, which is land-dwelling. Planaria exhibit an extraordinary ability to regenerate lost body parts. For example, a planarian split lengt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north toward the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, and Taiwan in the south. Japan is a part of the Ring of Fire, and spans Japanese archipelago, an archipelago of List of islands of Japan, 6852 islands covering ; the five main islands are Hokkaido, Honshu (the "mainland"), Shikoku, Kyushu, and Okinawa Island, Okinawa. Tokyo is the Capital of Japan, nation's capital and largest city, followed by Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Kobe, and Kyoto. Japan is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eleventh most populous country in the world, as well as one of the List of countries and dependencies by population density, most densely populated and Urbanization by country, urbanized. About three-fourths of Geography of Japan, the c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cannibalistic
Cannibalism is the act of consuming another individual of the same species as food. Cannibalism is a common ecological interaction in the animal kingdom and has been recorded in more than 1,500 species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s .... Human cannibalism is well documented, both in ancient and in recent times. The rate of cannibalism increases in nutritionally poor environments as individuals turn to members of their own species as an additional food source.Elgar, M.A. & Crespi, B.J. (1992) ''Cannibalism: ecology and evolution among diverse taxa'', Oxford University Press, Oxford [England]; New York. Cannibalism regulates population numbers, whereby resources such as food, shelter and territory become more readily available with the decrease of potential competi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory RNA
Memory transfer was a biological process proposed by James V. McConnell and others in the 1960s. Memory transfer proposes a chemical basis for memory termed memory RNA which can be passed down through flesh instead of an intact nervous system. Since RNA encodes information living cells produce and modify RNA in reaction to external events, it might also be used in neurons to record stimuli. This explained the results of McConnell's experiments in which planarians retained memory of acquired information after regeneration. Memory transfer through memory RNA is not currently a well-accepted explanation and McConnell's experiments proved to be largely irreproducible. In McConnell's experiments, he classically conditioned planarians to contract their bodies upon exposure to light by pairing it with an electric shock. The planarians retained this acquired information after being sliced and regenerated, even after multiple slicings to produce a planarian where none of the original tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Worm Runner's Digest
The ''Worm Runner's Digest'' (''W.R.D.'') was created in 1959 by biologist James V. McConnell after his experiments with memory transfer in planarian worms generated a torrent of mail enquiries. The ''W.R.D.'' published both satirical articles, such as "A Stress Analysis of a Strapless Evening Gown", and scientific papers, the most famous of which, "Memory transfer through cannibalism in planaria", was a result of McConnell's RNA memory transfer experiments with planarian worms and was later published in the ''Journal of Neuropsychiatry''. The title for the W.R.D., McConnell explained, was an extension of the psychological jargon that terms psychologists who work with rats "rat runners" and those who work with insects "bug runners." After complaints that the satirical articles and the scientific publications were not distinguishable, the satirical articles were printed upside down in the back half of the ''W.R.D.'' along with a topsy turvy back cover. In 1966, the title was change ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
