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Dual Federalism
Dual federalism, also known as layer-cake federalism or divided sovereignty, is a political arrangement in which power is divided between the federal and state governments in clearly defined terms, with state governments exercising those powers accorded to them without interference from the federal government. Dual federalism is defined in contrast to cooperative federalism ("marble-cake federalism"), in which federal and state governments collaborate on policy. United States Constitutional origin The system of dual/joint federalism in the United States is a product of the backlash against the Articles of Confederation, ratified in 1781, which established a very weak federal government with the powers to declare war, make treaties, and maintain an army.Lowi, et al. (2012) American Government: Power and Purpose -- Brief Twelfth Edition. W.W. Norton and Company p.26-27 Fueled by Shays' Rebellion and an economy faltering under the inability of the federal government to pay the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cooperative Federalism
Cooperative federalism, also known as marble-cake federalism, is defined as a flexible relationship between the federal and state governments in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. In the United States In the American federal system, there are limitations on national government's ability to carry out its policies through the executive branch of state governments. For example, in '' Printz v. United States'', 521 U.S. 898 (1997) the Court held that the national government could not directly require state law enforcement officers to conduct background checks under the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act legislation. The court explained that prior decisions warned that "this Court never has sanctioned explicitly a federal command to the States to promulgate and enforce laws and regulations." And yet, there are significant advantages in a federal system to obtain state assistance in the local implementation of federal programs. Implementing such programs t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Jersey Plan
The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented during the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Principally authored by William Paterson of New Jersey, the New Jersey Plan was an important alternative to the Virginia Plan proposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph of Virginia. The less populous states were strongly opposed to the bicameralism and proportional apportionment of Congress by population called for in the Virginia Plan. Less populous states were concerned that the Virginia Plan would give substantial control of the national government to the more populous states. In response, the less populous states proposed an alternative plan that would have retained the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. Following the defeat of the New Jersey Plan, Paterson and Madison's proposals were reconciled through the Connec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Margaret Morgan (slave)
Margaret Morgan (between 1800 and 1805–after 1837) was an African American woman who was born to former slaves. They were considered free by their slaveholder, but they had not received an official deed of manumission. They lived on their former slaveholder's property, where they then had a daughter, Margaret. After she was married and had children, her family was taken from her home in the middle of the night around late March 1837 at the request of the former slaveholder's widow, Margaret Ashmore. Morgan became the subject of legal cases at the county, state and national level from 1837 to 1842. ''Prigg v. Pennsylvania'' was tried before the United States Supreme Court and the four men who apprehended Morgan and her children were found to be not guilty. The result of the decision meant that it would be easier for slaveholders to capture former slaves in free states and it would be difficult for Pennsylvania to prosecute the 1826 personal liberty law that would protect its ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prigg V
A prig () is a person who shows an inordinately zealous approach to matters of form and propriety—especially where the prig has the ability to show superior knowledge to those who do not know the protocol in question. They see little need to consider the feelings or intentions of others, relying instead on established order and rigid rules to resolve all questions. The prig approaches social interactions with a strong sense of self-righteousness. Etymology and usage The first edition of H.W. Fowler's '' Modern English Usage'' has the following definition: A prig is a believer in red tape; that is, he exalts the method above the work done. A prig, like the Pharisee, says: "God, I thank thee that I am not as other men are"—except that he often substitutes ''Self'' for ''God''. A prig is one who works out his paltry accounts to the last farthing, while his millionaire neighbour lets accounts take care of themselves. A prig expects others to square themselves to his very inadequa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nullification (U
Nullification may refer to: * Nullification (U.S. Constitution), a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify any federal law deemed unconstitutional with respect to the United States Constitution * Nullification Crisis, the 1832 confrontation between the U.S. government and South Carolina over the latter's attempt to nullify a federal law ** Ordinance of Nullification, declared the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina * Jury nullification Jury nullification (US/UK), jury equity (UK), or a perverse verdict (UK) occurs when the jury in a criminal trial gives a not guilty verdict despite a defendant having clearly broken the law. The jury's reasons may include the belief that the ..., a legal term for a jury's ability to deliver a verdict knowingly in contradiction to written law * Nullo (body modification), short for "genital nullification", a member of an extreme body modification subculture See also * Annihilation ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tariff Of Abominations
The Tariff of 1828 was a very high protective tariff that became law in the United States in May 1828. It was a bill designed to not pass Congress because it was seen by free trade supporters as hurting both industry and farming, but surprisingly, it passed. The bill was vehemently denounced in the South and escalated to a threat of civil war in the Nullification crisis of 1832–1833. The tariff was replaced in 1833, and the crisis ended. It was called the "Tariff of Abominations" by its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Southern economy. It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. The manufacturing-based economy in the Northeastern states was suffering from low-priced imported manufactured items from Britain. The major goal of the tariff was to protect the factories by taxing imports from Europe. Southerners from the Cotton Belt, particularly those from South Carolina, felt they were harmed directly by hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Origins Of The American Civil War
Historians who debate the origins of the American Civil War focus on the reasons that seven Southern states (followed by four other states after the onset of the war) declared their secession from the United States (the Union) and united to form the Confederate States (known as the "Confederacy"), and the reasons that the North refused to let them go. Proponents of the pseudo-historical Lost Cause ideology have denied that slavery was the principal cause of the secession. While historians in the 21st century agree on the centrality of the conflict over slavery—it was not just "a cause" of the war but "the cause"—they disagree sharply on which aspects of this conflict (ideological, economic, political, or social) were most important. The principal political battle leading to Southern secession was over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into newly acquired Western territories destined to become states. Initially Congress had admitted new states into the Union ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protectionism
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations. Proponents argue that protectionist policies shield the producers, businesses, and workers of the import-competing sector in the country from foreign competitors. Opponents argue that protectionist policies reduce trade and adversely affect consumers in general (by raising the cost of imported goods) as well as the producers and workers in export sectors, both in the country implementing protectionist policies and in the countries protected against. Protectionism is advocated mainly by parties that hold economic nationalist or left-wing positions, while economically right-wing political parties generally support free trade. There is a consensus among economists that protectionism has a negative effect on economic growth and econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek el, μόνος, mónos, single, alone, label=none and el, πωλεῖν, pōleîn, to sell, label=none), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing. This contrasts with a monopsony which relates to a single entity's control of a market to purchase a good or service, and with oligopoly and duopoly which consists of a few sellers dominating a market. Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service, a lack of viable substitute goods, and the possibility of a high monopoly price well above the seller's marginal cost that leads to a high monopoly profit. The verb ''monopolise'' or ''monopolize'' refers to the ''process'' by which a company gains the ability to raise prices or exclude competitors. In economics, a monopoly is a single seller. In law, a monopoly is a busine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gibbons V
Gibbons may refer to: * The plural of gibbon, an ape in the family Hylobatidae * Gibbons (surname) * Gibbons, Alberta * Gibbons (automobile), a British light car of the 1920s * Gibbons P.C., a leading American law firm headquartered in New Jersey * Gibbons, a character from Tom Goes to the Mayor See also * Orlando Gibbons (1583–1625), an English composer * Gibbons v. Ogden, an 1824 United States Supreme Court case * Stanley Gibbons, a company specialising in postage stamps * Cardinal Gibbons High School (Florida), a private high school in Fort Lauderdale, Florida * Gibbon (other) Gibbons are apes in the family Hylobatidae. Gibbon may also refer to: Places * Gibbon, Minnesota, USA *Gibbon, Nebraska, USA * Gibbon, Oregon, USA * Gibbon Bay, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica * Ray Gibbon Drive, St Albert, Canada Other uses * ... * Justice Gibbons (other) {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Necessary And Proper Clause
The Necessary and Proper Clause, also known as the Elastic Clause, is a clause in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution: Since the landmark decision '' McCulloch v. Maryland'', the US Supreme Court has ruled that this clause grants implied powers to US Congress in addition to its enumerated powers. Background According to the Articles of Confederation, "each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation ''expressly'' delegated" (emphasis added). Thus, the Continental Congress had no powers incidental to those "expressly delegated" by the Articles of Confederation.Vile, John. The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding', Volume 1, p. 591 (ABC-CLIO 2005). By contrast, the Necessary and Proper Clause expressly confers incidental powers upon Congress, which no other clause in the Constitution does so by itself. The draft claus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
McCulloch V
McCulloch is a Scottish surname. It's a variation of the Northern Irish surname McCullough. It's commonly found in Galloway. Notable people with the surname include: *Alan McCulloch (politician), New Zealand politician *Alan McLeod McCulloch (1907–1992), Australian cartoonist, painter, writer, art critic, art historian and gallery director *Allan Riverstone McCulloch (1885–1925), Australian zoologist *Andrew McCulloch (footballer) (fl. 1970-1985), British soccer player * Andrew McCulloch (writer and actor) (born 1945), British television writer and actor *Andrew McCulloch (drummer) (born 1946), British drummer for King Crimson and others *Benjamin McCulloch (1811–1862), American Civil War soldier * Bruce McCulloch (born 1961), Canadian actor and comedian * Derek McCulloch (comics) (born 1964), Canadian writer * Ellen McCulloch (1930–2005), Australian ornithologist and nature writer * Ellen McCulloch-Lovell, American college administrator *Gretchen McCulloch, Canadian Int ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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