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Dragon (cipher)
Dragon is a stream cipher developed at the Information Security Institute by William Millan with some help from Ed Dawson, Kevin Chen, Matt Henricksen, Leonie Simpson, HoonJae Lee, and SangJae Moon. Dragon is the first published stream cipher to employ a nonlinear feedback for the state update function and a nonlinear function for output, where the long minimum cycle is guaranteed by a clock-like structure. The feedback and output are generated together by a permutation that takes as input data from state words according to a full-positive difference set. These design choices make it difficult to employ standard analysis methods. The permutation uses S-boxes designed using evolutionary search heuristics. The cipher was a Phase 3 Focus candidate for the eSTREAM project, and satisfied all the requirements for speed and security. The cipher is targeted for fast software implementations and versions with different key lengths exists. The version selected for Phase 3 is Dragon-128. It is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stream Cipher
stream cipher is a symmetric key cipher where plaintext digits are combined with a pseudorandom cipher digit stream (keystream). In a stream cipher, each plaintext digit is encrypted one at a time with the corresponding digit of the keystream, to give a digit of the ciphertext stream. Since encryption of each digit is dependent on the current state of the cipher, it is also known as ''state cipher''. In practice, a digit is typically a bit and the combining operation is an exclusive-or (XOR). The pseudorandom keystream is typically generated serially from a random seed value using digital shift registers. The seed value serves as the cryptographic key for decrypting the ciphertext stream. Stream ciphers represent a different approach to symmetric encryption from block ciphers. Block ciphers operate on large blocks of digits with a fixed, unvarying transformation. This distinction is not always clear-cut: in some modes of operation, a block cipher primitive is used in such a w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Queensland University Of Technology
Queensland University of Technology (QUT) is a public research university located in the urban coastal city of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. QUT is located on two campuses in the Brisbane area viz. Gardens Point and Kelvin Grove. The university in its current form was founded in 1989, when the Queensland Institute of Technology (QIT) was made a university through the ''Queensland University of Technology Act 1988'', with the resulting Queensland University of Technology beginning its operations from January 1989. In 1990, the Brisbane College of Advanced Education merged with QUT. In 2020, QUT has 52,672 students enrolled (composed of 39,156 undergraduate students, 10,390 postgraduate students, and 661 non-award students), employs 5,049 full-time equivalent (FTE) staff members, a total revenue of $1.054 billion, and a total expenditure of $1.028 billion. QUT was a member of the Australian Technology Network of universities, but withdrew participation on 28 September 2018. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ESTREAM
eSTREAM is a project to "identify new stream ciphers suitable for widespread adoption", organised by the EU ECRYPT network. It was set up as a result of the failure of all six stream ciphers submitted to the NESSIE project. The call for primitives was first issued in November 2004. The project was completed in April 2008. The project was divided into separate phases and the project goal was to find algorithms suitable for different application profiles. Profiles The submissions to eSTREAM fall into either or both of two profiles: * Profile 1: "Stream ciphers for software applications with high throughput requirements" * Profile 2: "Stream ciphers for hardware applications with restricted resources such as limited storage, gate count, or power consumption." Both profiles contain an "A" subcategory (1A and 2A) with ciphers that also provide authentication in addition to encryption. In Phase 3 none of the ciphers providing authentication are being considered (The NLS cipher had a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software
Software is a set of computer programs and associated documentation and data. This is in contrast to hardware, from which the system is built and which actually performs the work. At the lowest programming level, executable code consists of machine language instructions supported by an individual processor—typically a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics processing unit (GPU). Machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. For example, an instruction may change the value stored in a particular storage location in the computer—an effect that is not directly observable to the user. An instruction may also invoke one of many input or output operations, for example displaying some text on a computer screen; causing state changes which should be visible to the user. The processor executes the instructions in the order they are provided, unless it is instructed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Key (cryptography)
A key in cryptography is a piece of information, usually a string of numbers or letters that are stored in a file, which, when processed through a cryptographic algorithm, can encode or decode cryptographic data. Based on the used method, the key can be different sizes and varieties, but in all cases, the strength of the encryption relies on the security of the key being maintained. A key’s security strength is dependent on its algorithm, the size of the key, the generation of the key, and the process of key exchange. Scope The key is what is used to encrypt data from plaintext to ciphertext. There are different methods for utilizing keys and encryption. Symmetric cryptography Symmetric cryptography refers to the practice of the same key being used for both encryption and decryption. Asymmetric cryptography Asymmetric cryptography has separate keys for encrypting and decrypting. These keys are known as the public and private keys, respectively. Purpose Since the key pro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention."A patent is not the grant of a right to make or use or sell. It does not, directly or indirectly, imply any such right. It grants only the right to exclude others. The supposition that a right to make is created by the patent grant is obviously inconsistent with the established distinctions between generic and specific patents, and with the well-known fact that a very considerable portion of the patents granted are in a field covered by a former relatively generic or basic patent, are tributary to such earlier patent, and cannot be practiced unless by license thereunder." – ''Herman v. Youngstown Car Mfg. Co.'', 191 F. 579, 584–85, 112 CCA 185 (6th Cir. 1911) In most countries, patent rights fall under private law and the patent holder mus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stream Cipher Attack
Stream ciphers, where plaintext bits are combined with a cipher bit stream by an exclusive-or operation ( xor), can be very secure if used properly. However, they are vulnerable to attacks if certain precautions are not followed: *keys must never be used twice *valid decryption should never be relied on to indicate authenticity Reused key attack Stream ciphers are vulnerable to attack if the same key is used twice (depth of two) or more. Say we send messages ''A'' and ''B'' of the same length, both encrypted using same key, ''K''. The stream cipher produces a string of bits ''C(K)'' the same length as the messages. The encrypted versions of the messages then are: :''E(A) = A xor C'' :''E(B) = B xor C'' where ''xor'' is performed bit by bit. Say an adversary has intercepted ''E(A)'' and ''E(B)''. He can easily compute: :''E(A) xor E(B)'' However, ''xor'' is commutative and has the property that ''X xor X = 0'' (self-inverse) so: :''E(A) xor E(B) = (A xor C) xor (B xor C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josef Pieprzyk
Josef Pieprzyk (born 1949 in Poland) is currently a professor at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane, Australia. He has worked on cryptography, in particular the XSL attack. He collaborated in the invention of the LOKI and LOKI97 block ciphers and the HAVAL cryptographic hash function A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with fixed size of n bits) that has special properties desirable for cryptography: * the probability of a particular n-bit output re .... External linksHome page* 1949 births Living people Modern cryptographers 20th-century Polish mathematicians 21st-century Polish mathematicians Macquarie University faculty Queensland University of Technology faculty {{Poland-mathematician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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