|
Disease In Ornamental Fish
Ornamental fish kept in aquariums are susceptible to numerous diseases. Due to their generally small size and the low cost of replacing diseased or dead fish, the cost of testing and treating diseases is often seen as more trouble than the value of the fish. Due to the artificially limited volume of water and high concentration of fish in most aquarium tanks, communicable diseases often affect most or all fish in a tank. An improper nitrogen cycle, inappropriate aquarium plants and potentially harmful freshwater invertebrates can directly harm or add to the stresses on ornamental fish in a tank. Despite this, many diseases in captive fish can be avoided or prevented through proper water conditions and a well-adjusted ecosystem within the tank. Causes Diseases can have a variety of causes, including bacterial infections from an external source such as ''Pseudomonas fluorescens'' (causing fin rot and fish dropsy), fungal infections ( Saprolegnia), mould infections ( Oomy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aquarium
An aquarium (plural: ''aquariums'' or ''aquaria'') is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aquatic reptiles, such as turtles, and aquatic plants. The term ''aquarium'', coined by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, combines the Latin root , meaning 'water', with the suffix , meaning 'a place for relating to'. The aquarium principle was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington, who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, ''The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea'' in 1854.Katherine C. Grier (2008) "Pet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saprolegnia
''Saprolegnia'' is a genus of water moulds often called cotton moulds because of the characteristic white or grey fibrous patches they form. Current taxonomy puts ''Saprolegnia'' as a genus of the heterokonts in the order Saprolegniales. Habits ''Saprolegnia'', like most oomycetes, is both a saprotroph and necrotroph. Typically feeding on waste from fish or other dead cells, they will also take advantage of creatures that have been injured. An infection is known as oomycosis. ''Saprolegnia'' is tolerant to a wide range of temperature, , but is more prevalent in lower temperatures. While it is found most frequently in freshwater, it will also tolerate brackish water and even moist soil. ''Saprolegnia'' filaments (hyphae) are long with rounded ends, containing the zoospores. Saprolegnia generally travels in colony, colonies consisting of one or more species. They first form a mass of individual hyphae. When the mass of hyphae grows large enough in size to be seen without use of a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kudoa Thyrsites
''Kudoa thyrsites'' is a myxosporean parasite of marine fishes. It has a worldwide distribution, and infects a wide range of host species. This parasite is responsible for causing economic losses to the fisheries sector, by causing post-mortem "myoliquefaction", a softening of the flesh to such an extent that the fish becomes unmarketable. It is not infective to humans. Taxonomy The spores of ''K. thyrsites'' are stellate in shape, with 4 valves and 4 polar capsules. Upon infection by the actinosporean stage the sporoplasm migrates to a muscle fibre where it forms a pseudocyst. Within these pseudocysts are the developing spore stages. Comparison of 18S rDNA sequences of ''Kudoa'' species and other myxozoan species to determine their relationships. They show that ''Kudoa'' species are distinct from other myxozoans analyzed ('' Myxidium'' sp., '' Myxobolus'' sp., and ''Henneguya zschokkei''). ''Kudoa thyrsites'' is an interesting member of this group in that apparently has ver ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceratomyxa Shasta
''Ceratonova shasta'' (syn. ''Ceratomyxa shasta'') is a myxosporean parasite that infects salmonid fish on the Pacific coast of North America. It was first observed at the Crystal Lake Hatchery, Shasta County, California, and has now been reported from Idaho, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and Alaska. Life history In addition to the fish host, ''C. shasta'' infects a freshwater polychaete worm. Actinospores are released from the worm, and infect fish, on contact, in the water column. Neither horizontal (fish to fish), nor vertical (fish to egg) transmissions have been documented under laboratory conditions, suggesting that the worm host is necessary for completion of the life cycle. Spores are released back into freshwater system after its fish host dies, however the complete life cycle, host and vector interaction is not fully understood (especially the ecology of the polychaete host). Research indicates that the potential for infection is enhanced when water temperature ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Glugea
''Glugea'' is a genus of microsporidian parasites, predominantly infecting fish. Species include * ''Glugea anomala'' * ''Glugea atherinae'' * ''Glugea capverdensis'' - a parasite of the fish ''Myctophum punctatum'' * ''Glugea caulleryi'' - a parasite of the greater sand eel '' Hyperoplus lanceolatus'' (a teleost fish) * ''Glugea heraldi'' - a parasite of the seahorse ''Hippocampus erectus'' * ''Glugea hertwigi'' - a parasite of the smelts ''Osmerus eperlanus'' and ''Osmerus mordax'' * ''Glugea merluccii'' - a parasite of the fish ''Merluccius hubbsi'' * ''Glugea nagelia'' - a parasite of the yellowfin hind, ''Cephalopholis hemistiktos'' * ''Glugea plecoglossi'' * ''Glugea sardinellensis'' - a parasite of fish of the genus ''Sardinella'' * ''Glugea shiplei'' - a parasite of fish of the genus ''Trisopterus'' * ''Glugea stephani'' - a parasite of the winter flounder ''Pseudopleuronectes americanus'' (a pleuronectid flatfish) * ''Glugea vincentiae'' - a parasite of the Australian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Head And Lateral Line Erosion
Head and lateral line erosion, (HLLE) or hole-in-the-head (HITH) is a disease in fish. Chronic ulcerative dermatopathy or chronic erosive dermatopathy are symptoms of similar conditions with different etiology. Symptoms HLLE begins as small pits of receding epithelium (skin) around the fish's head and/or lateral line, and sometimes onto the unpaired fins. Rarely fatal, it does cause disfigurement, making the fish less suitable for public aquarium display. At least 20 families of fish have been identified as having developed HLLE in captivity. Not all species of fish show the same symptoms, and do not always develop lesions to the same degree. Causes HLLE has not been sufficiently studied to identify all causes. In marine fish, two studies point to the use of activated carbon in closed aquarium ecosystems as contributors. Cure Hole in the head can be reversed by removing all activated carbon and conducting large percentage water changes. Greater than 90% water changes may need ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brooklynella Hostilis
''Brooklynella hostilis'' is a parasite of marine fish, found in wild fish, farmed fish and aquariums. It is kidney-bean shaped, and approximately 60–80 μm long, with bands of cilia. ''B. hostilis'' is the only species in the monotypic taxon ''Brooklynella'', a genus in the order Hartmannulidae. It reproduces by binary fission. ''B. hostilis'' causes the disease Brooklynellosis, also known as slime-blotch or clownfish disease. In marine aquariums, ''B.hostilis'' infects most teleosts (ray finned fishes). ''B.hostilis'' feeds on dead skin cells and can cause severe damage to gills. Affected fish have a gray discoloration, and may breathe abnormally fast or abnormally slow. The infection can cause sloughing of skin, and congestion of the gills. The parasite spreads rapidly, and can easily transfer to a new host. Formalin Formaldehyde ( , ) ( systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula and structure . The pure compound is a pu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Velvet (fish Disease)
Velvet disease (also called gold-dust, rust and coral disease) is a fish disease caused by dinoflagellate parasites of the genera '' Amyloodinium'' in marine fish, and ''Oodinium'' in freshwater fish. The disease gives infected organisms a dusty, brownish-gold color. The disease occurs most commonly in tropical fish, and to a lesser extent, marine aquaria. Life cycle The single-celled parasite's life cycle can be divided into three major phases. First, as a tomont, the parasite rests at the water's floor and divides into as many as 256 tomites. Second, these juvenile, motile tomites swim about in search of a fish host, meanwhile using photosynthesis to grow, and to fuel their search. Finally, the adolescent tomite finds and enters the slime coat of a host fish, dissolving and consuming the host's cells, and needing only three days to reach full maturity before detaching to become a tomont once more. Pathology Velvet (in an aquarium environment) is usually spread by contami ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oodinium
''Oodinium'' is a genus of parasitic dinoflagellates. Their hosts are salt- and fresh-water fish, causing a type of fish velvet disease (also called gold dust disease). One species has also been recorded on various cnidarians. The host typically develops a yellow or gold "dust" scattered on its head, fins and body. At this stage, the infestation is already severe. The attack usually starts at the gills, at which stage it is difficult to observe. The host fish is irritated, and often sporadically darts about or rubs itself against rocks. The yellowish spots are more vivid under a strong light source. It is very similar to '' Ichthyophthirius'', though the oodinium spots are yellowish and smaller. The life cycle of oodinium starts as a dinospore that swims in the water to look for a suitable host. As it attaches itself onto the host skin, it forms a hard shell protecting itself against the outside environment while it is eating the fish skin cells. This is the cyst stage seen as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cryptocaryon
''Cryptocaryon irritans'' is a species of ciliates that parasitizes marine fish, causing marine white spot disease or marine ich (pronounced ''ick''). It is one of the most common causes of disease in marine aquaria. Taxonomy ''Cryptocaryon irritans'' was originally classified as ''Ichthyophthirius marinus'', but it is not closely related to the other species. It belongs to the class Prostomatea, but beyond that its placement is still uncertain. Clinical The symptoms and life-cycle are generally similar to those of '' Ichthyophthirius'' in freshwater fish, including white spots, on account of which ''Cryptocaryon'' is usually called marine ich. However, ''Cryptocaryon'' can spend a much longer time encysted. Fish that are infected with Cryptocaryon may have small white spots, nodules, or patches on their skin, fins, or gills. They may also have ragged fins, cloudy eyes, pale gills, increased mucus production, or changes in skin color, and they may appear thin. Behaviorally, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ichthyophthirius Multifiliis
''Ichthyophthirius multifiliis'', often termed "Ich", is a parasitic ciliate described by the French parasitologist Fouquet in 1876. Only one species is found in the genus which also gave name to the family. The name literally translates as "the fish louse with many children". The parasite can infect most freshwater fish species and, in contrast to many other parasites, shows very low host specificity. It penetrates gill epithelia, skin and fins of the fish host and resides as a feeding stage (the trophont) inside the epidermis. It is visible as a white spot on the surface of the fish but, due to its internal microhabitat, it is a true endoparasite and not an ectoparasite. It causes a disease commonly referred to as white spot disease due to the macroscopically visible trophonts (up to 1 mm in diameter) in the skin and fins. The trophont, continuously rotating, is surrounded by host cells (epidermal cells and leukocytes), producing a minute elevation of the skin. These light ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gyrodactylus Salaris
''Gyrodactylus salaris'', commonly known as salmon fluke, is a tiny monogenean ectoparasite which lives on the body surface of freshwater fish. This leech-like parasite has been implicated in the reduction of Atlantic salmon populations in the Norwegian fjords. It also parasitises other species, including rainbow trout. ''G. salaris'' requires fresh water, but can survive in brackish water for up to 18 hours. The parasite is long, and cannot be seen with the naked eye, but it can be seen with a magnifying glass. On its posterior end is a haptor, a specialized organ for attaching to the host fish, which has sixteen hooks around its edge. The parasite is viviparous, that is, it produces live offspring. The parasites give birth to live young nearly as big as themselves and at this time, a further generation is already growing inside the neonates. Interactions with host fish When feeding, the parasite attaches its anterior end to the fish with cephalic glands. It everts its pharyn ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
