|
Diastolic Murmur
Diastolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during diastole, i.e. they start at or after S2 and end before or at S1. Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves. Types * Early diastolic murmurs start at the same time as S2 with the close of the ''semilunar'' (aortic & pulmonary) valves and typically end before S1. Common causes include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation and left anterior descending artery stenosis. * Mid-diastolic murmurs start after S2 and end before S1. They are due to turbulent flow across the ''atrioventricular'' (mitral & tricuspid) valves during the rapid filling phase from mitral or tricuspid stenosis. * Late diastolic ( presystolic) murmurs start after S2 and extend up to S1 and have a crescendo configuration. They can be associated with AV valve narrowing. They include mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, myxoma, and complete heart block Third-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a medica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phonocardiograms From Normal And Abnormal Heart Sounds
Auscultation (based on the Latin verb ''auscultare'' "to listen") is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a stethoscope. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the circulatory and respiratory systems (heart and breath sounds), as well as the alimentary canal. The term was introduced by René Laennec. The act of listening to body sounds for diagnostic purposes has its origin further back in history, possibly as early as Ancient Egypt. (Auscultation and palpation go together in physical examination and are alike in that both have ancient roots, both require skill, and both are still important today.) Laënnec's contributions were refining the procedure, linking sounds with specific pathological changes in the chest, and inventing a suitable instrument (the stethoscope) to mediate between the patient's body and the clinician's ear. Auscultation is a skill that requires substantial clinical experience, a fine stethoscope and good listening sk ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Graham-Steell Murmur
A Graham Steell murmur is a heart murmur typically associated with pulmonary regurgitation. It is a high pitched early diastolic murmur heard best at the left sternal edge in the second intercostal space with the patient in full inspiration, originally described in 1888. The murmur is heard due to a high velocity Velocity is the directional speed of an object in motion as an indication of its rate of change in position as observed from a particular frame of reference and as measured by a particular standard of time (e.g. northbound). Velocity is a ... flow back across the pulmonary valve; this is usually a consequence of pulmonary hypertension secondary to mitral valve stenosis. The Graham Steell murmur is often heard in patients with chronic cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease) as a result of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In cases of mitral obstruction the murmur is occasionally heard over the pulmonary area and below this region, for the distance of an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complete Heart Block
Third-degree atrioventricular block (AV block) is a medical condition in which the electrical impulse generated in the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the atrium of the heart can not propagate to the ventricles. Because the impulse is blocked, an accessory pacemaker in the lower chambers will typically activate the ventricles. This is known as an ''escape rhythm''. Since this accessory pacemaker also activates independently of the impulse generated at the SA node, two independent rhythms can be noted on the electrocardiogram (ECG). * The P waves with a regular P-to-P interval (in other words, a sinus rhythm) represent the first rhythm. * The QRS complexes with a regular R-to-R interval represent the second rhythm. The PR interval will be variable, as the hallmark of complete heart block is the lack of any apparent relationship between P waves and QRS complexes. Presentation People with third-degree AV block typically experience severe bradycardia (an abnormally low measured heart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austin Flint Murmur
In cardiology, an Austin Flint murmur is a low-pitched rumbling heart murmur which is best heard at the cardiac apex. It can be a mid-diastolicEric J. TopolThe Topol Solution: Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine Third Edition with DVD, Plus Integrated Content Website, Volume 355. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Oct 19, 2006; page 223. or presystolic murmur It is associated with severe aortic regurgitation, although the role of this sign in clinical practice has been questioned. Mechanism Echocardiography, conventional and colour flow Doppler ultrasound, and cine nuclear magnetic resonance (cine NMR) imaging suggest the murmur is the result of (aortic regurgitant) flow impingement on the inner surface of the heart, i.e. the endocardium. Classical description Classically, it is described as being the result of mitral valve leaflet displacement ''and'' turbulent mixing of anterograde mitral flow and retrograde aortic flow: Displacement: The blood jets from the aortic regurgitat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atrial Myxoma
A myxoma is a rare benign tumor of the heart. Myxomata are the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults, and are most commonly found within the left atrium near the valve of the fossa ovalis. Myxomata may also develop in the other heart chambers. The tumor is derived from multipotent mesenchymal cells. Cardiac myxoma can affect adults between 30 and 60 years of age. Signs and symptoms Symptoms may occur at any time, but most often they accompany a change of body position. Pedunculated myxomata can have a "wrecking ball effect", as they lead to stasis and may eventually embolize themselves. Symptoms may include: * Shortness of breath with activity * Platypnea – Difficulty breathing in the upright position with relief in the supine position * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea – Breathing difficulty when asleep * Dizziness * Fainting * Palpitations – Sensation of feeling your heart beat * Chest pain or tightness * Sudden Death (In which case the disease is an autopsy finding) Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricuspid Stenosis
Tricuspid valve stenosis is a valvular heart disease that narrows the opening of the heart's tricuspid valve. It is a relatively rare condition that causes stenosis (increased restriction of blood flow through the valve). Cause Causes of tricuspid valve stenosis are: * Rheumatic disease * Carcinoid syndrome * Pacemaker leads (complication) Diagnosis A mild diastolic murmur can be heard during auscultation caused by the blood flow through the stenotic valve. It is best heard over the left sternal border with rumbling character and tricuspid opening snap with wide-splitting S2. The diagnosis will typically be confirmed by an echocardiograph, which will also allow the physician to assess its severity. Treatment Tricuspid valve stenosis itself usually does not require treatment. If stenosis is mild, monitoring the condition closely suffices. However, severe stenosis, or damage to other valves in the heart, may require surgical repair or replacement. The treatment is usually by su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve of the heart. It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease. Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm2 causes mitral stenosis. Early diagnosis of mitral stenosis in pregnancy is very important as the heart cannot tolerate increased cardiac output demand as in the case of exercise and pregnancy. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of resulting left atrial enlargement, which can lead to systemic thromboembolic complications like stroke. Signs and symptoms Signs and symptoms of mitral stenosis include the following: * Heart failure symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND) * Palpitations * Chest pain * Hemoptysis * Thromboembolism in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anemia
Anemia or anaemia (British English) is a blood disorder in which the blood has a reduced ability to carry oxygen due to a lower than normal number of red blood cells, or a reduction in the amount of hemoglobin. When anemia comes on slowly, the symptoms are often vague, such as tiredness, weakness, shortness of breath, headaches, and a reduced ability to exercise. When anemia is acute, symptoms may include confusion, feeling like one is going to pass out, loss of consciousness, and increased thirst. Anemia must be significant before a person becomes noticeably pale. Symptoms of anemia depend on how quickly hemoglobin decreases. Additional symptoms may occur depending on the underlying cause. Preoperative anemia can increase the risk of needing a blood transfusion following surgery. Anemia can be temporary or long term and can range from mild to severe. Anemia can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell breakdown. Causes o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aortic Insufficiency
Aortic regurgitation (AR), also known as aortic insufficiency (AI), is the leaking of the aortic valve of the heart that causes blood to flow in the reverse direction during ventricular diastole, from the aorta into the left ventricle. As a consequence, the cardiac muscle is forced to work harder than normal. Signs and symptoms Symptoms of aortic regurgitation are similar to those of heart failure and include the following: * Dyspnea on exertion * Orthopnea * Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea * Palpitations * Angina pectoris * Cyanosis (in acute cases) Causes In terms of the cause of aortic regurgitation, is often due to the aortic root dilation ('' annuloaortic ectasia''), which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging, syphilitic aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic dissection, Behçet's disease, reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension.Chapter 1: Diseases of the Cardiovascular system > Section: Valvular Heart Disease in: Aortic root dilation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabot–Locke Murmur
A Cabot–Locke murmur is an early diastolic heart murmur, occasionally heard in severe untreated anemia, without heart valve abnormalities.''The Journal of the American Medical Association''. 1903 Volume 40, Part 2, 1539 It is detected infrequently, is best heard at the left sternal border, and sounds similar to aortic insufficiency, although it is without decrescendo. Its location, timing, association with severe anemia, and resolution upon correction of anemia, are consistent mechanistically with a functional murmur arising from high volume flow dynamics in the left main coronary artery The left coronary artery (LCA) is a Coronary arteries, coronary artery that arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve, and feeds blood to the left side of the heart muscle. It is also known as the left main coronary artery (LMC ..., which has almost entirely diastolic flow. It is named for Richard Clarke Cabot and his colleague, Locke. They reported on a series of thre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
