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Defense Council (Catalonia)
The Defense Council ( ca, Conselleria de Defensa) was a ministry created by the Generalitat de Catalunya on August 2, 1936, and that existed during the first years of the Spanish Civil War to take charge of military matters in Catalonia, despite the fact that defense powers were exclusive to the government of the Republic. History After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Generalitat de Catalunya began to assume powers that did not correspond to it according to the Republican Constitution and also according to its own Statute of Autonomy. On July 31, 1936 the government of the Generalitat established a Ministry of Defence to take charge of the military issues. This body was clearly unconstitutional since the powers of defense belonged to the government of Madrid. Such a fact would have had serious implications in a normal situation, but in the context of the chaos of the first days of the conflict this was another fact that went unnoticed. Lieutenant Colonel Felip Díaz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonprofit Organization
A nonprofit organization (NPO) or non-profit organisation, also known as a non-business entity, not-for-profit organization, or nonprofit institution, is a legal entity organized and operated for a collective, public or social benefit, in contrast with an entity that operates as a business aiming to generate a Profit (accounting), profit for its owners. A nonprofit is subject to the non-distribution constraint: any revenues that exceed expenses must be committed to the organization's purpose, not taken by private parties. An array of organizations are nonprofit, including some political organizations, schools, business associations, churches, social clubs, and consumer cooperatives. Nonprofit entities may seek approval from governments to be Tax exemption, tax-exempt, and some may also qualify to receive tax-deductible contributions, but an entity may incorporate as a nonprofit entity without securing tax-exempt status. Key aspects of nonprofits are accountability, trustworth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mallorca Landings
The Battle of Majorca, also known as the Majorca Landings, was an amphibious landing of Republican forces early in the Spanish Civil War aimed at driving the Nationalists from Majorca and reclaiming the island for the Republic. After some initial tactical success, the expedition, commanded by Captain Alberto Bayo, ended in failure when the Nationalists counterattacked with ground troops and massively superior air power and drove the Republicans into the sea. So confident were the Republicans in their prediction of victory they optimistically called the operation ''"la reconquista de Mallorca"'' - "the reconquest of Majorca". Background Plans for a seaborne attack on the Balearic Islands seem to have surfaced independently in various Republican militia groups in the days following the joining of Ibiza, Formentera, and Majorca to Franco's Nationalist military rebellion. Already, on July 23, bomber squadrons struck Palma and Cabrera, and on August 1 a Republican expeditionary ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central Committee Of Antifascist Militias Of Catalonia
The Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia ( ca, Comitè Central de Milícies Antifeixistes de Catalunya, CCMA) was an administrative body created on July 21, 1936 by the president of the Government of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, under pressure by the anarcho-syndicalists of the National Confederation of Labor (CNT) and Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), which led the workers' struggle against the July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona. History Beginnings The July 18 coup failed to gain control of Catalonia, due to the victory of republican forces on the one hand and the workers' revolt led by the CNT-FAI on the other. These events turned the distribution of power in Catalonia upside down: the anarchists, until recently relegated to the underground, emerged as the main force after defeating and taking control of strategic positions in the city, such as the artillery barracks of L'Harmonia. There they captured 30,000 rifles which they distributed among ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Army (Spain)
The Eastern Army (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Ejército del Este''), also translated as the Army of the East, was a unit of the Spanish Republican Army that operated in the eastern part of Spain during the Spanish Civil War. Republican forces deployed on the Aragon front of the war initially came under the command structure of the unit. Later in the Civil War, the unit operated in Catalonia, defending the Republican defensive line along the Segre (river), Segre river. History After the breakout of the 1936 civil war in Spain, the Generalitat de Catalunya, Catalan government looked to create its own army, independent of the organic structures of the Republican army which operated in the rest of the Republican territory. On 6 December 1936, the Catalan Ministry of Defence declared the creation of the People's Army of Catalonia. However, this army existed far more on paper than it did in reality, as the anarchist militias continued to have a great degree of autonomy, and in many c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
May Days
The May Days, sometimes also called May Events, refer to a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937 during which factions on the Republican faction of the Spanish Civil War engaged one another in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, centered on the city of Barcelona. In those events, libertarian socialist supporters of the Spanish Revolution, such as the anarchist '' CNT'' and the anti-Stalinist POUM, which opposed a centralized government, faced statists, such as the Republican government, Catalan government and the Communist Party of Spain, which believed in a strong central government. The events were the culmination of the confrontation between prewar Republican legality and the Spanish Revolution, which had been in constant strife since the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. Background After the failure of the military rebellion in Barcelona in July 1936, the city and then all of the rest of Catalonia had been under the control of the workers' militias, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francesc Isgleas I Piarnau
Francesc Isgleas i Piarnau (Sant Feliu de Guíxols, 16 February 1892 - Barcelona, 14 February 1977) was a Catalan anarcho-syndicalist. Biography He worked in the cork industry. In May 1921 he was elected to the committee of the Regional Confederation of Labor of Catalunya (CRTC), and held the position of secretary of the Girona Regional Federation. Representing the Unified Union of Sant Feliu de Guíxols, he participated in the Regional Conference of Trade Unions of Catalunya held in Blanes in July 1922). He was forced into exile during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. With the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, he returned to Catalunya, where he represented the Unified Union of Sant Feliu de Guíxols at the Regional Conference of Trade Unions, held in Barcelona on 31 May and 1 June 1931. Representing the Surotapers Union of Cassà de la Selva and others in Figueres, La Bisbal, Llagostera, Olot, Palamós and Salt, he attended the third confederal Congress of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
December 1936
The following events occurred in December 1936: December 1, 1936 (Tuesday) *The Edward VIII abdication crisis finally came out into the open in Britain when the Bishop of Bradford Alfred Blunt, speaking at his diocesan conference about the upcoming royal coronation, said of the king that "Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness." ''The Yorkshire Post'' used the speech to question the king's behaviour and the rest of the British press soon followed suit, finally breaking their policy of self-imposed censorship. *5,000 Germans landed at Cádiz to fight for Franco. *Nazi Germany passed several new laws. Membership in the Hitler Youth was made mandatory and the death penalty was introduced for those who hoarded their wealth abroad. *The Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace opened in Buenos Aires, Argentina. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt opened the conference with an address that included The More Abundant Life phrase. December 2, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Front Of Aragon
The Aragon Offensive was an important military campaign during the Spanish Civil War, which began after the Battle of Teruel. The offensive, which ran from March 7, 1938, to April 19, 1938, smashed the Republican forces, overran Aragon, and conquered parts of Catalonia and the Levante. Introduction The Battle of Teruel exhausted the material resources of the Republican Army, and wore out the veteran Republican troops. A slowdown of supplies from the Soviet Union exacerbated the difficulties of the Republican government, whose armament industry in Catalonia was already beleaguered. At the same time, however, Francisco Franco had concentrated the bulk of the Nationalist forces in the east and was preparing to drive through Aragon and into Catalonia and the Levante. The Nationalists were able to concentrate 100,000 men between Zaragoza and Teruel with the best troops in the lead. Even though the Nationalist army was numerically inferior to the Republican forces, the Natio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anarchist Militias
The confederal militias were a movement of people's militia organized during the Spanish civil war by the dominant organizations of anarchism in Spain: the National Confederation of Labor (CNT) and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI). These militias played an important role in the Revolution of 1934. They were not the only ones, since other militias belonging to other organizations, parties and trade unions also played a role in the revolution, such as those of POUM ("Workers' Party of Marxist Unification"), those of the Syndicalist Party (PS) and those of the General Union of Workers (UGT). After the coup d'état of July 1936, armed groups of civilian volunteers organized by the parties and trade unions formed in the areas where the uprising failed, joined the remains of the regular army units and state security forces that had remained loyal to the Republic. In these militias, the volunteers refused the uniform, salute and other marks of respect to military hierarchy. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People's Army Of Catalonia
The People's Army of Catalonia (Catalan: ''Exèrcit Popular de Catalunya'') was an army created by the Generalitat of Catalonia on December 6, 1936, during the Spanish Civil War. Its existence was more theoretical than real, because the original structure of the popular militias continued to exist despite the efforts of the Generalitat. After the May Days it was dissolved and its structure assumed by the Spanish Republican Army, which definitively militarized the militias of Catalonia and Aragon. History After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the Generalitat of Catalonia began to assume powers that had not been devolved to it according to the Spanish Constitution and also according to its own Statute of Autonomy. On July 31, the Government of the Generalitat established a Defense Council, a clearly unconstitutional body given that the defense powers belonged to the Government of Madrid. The Generalitat also organized its own war industry. In autumn, following the decree ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
December 6
Events Pre-1600 *1060 – Béla I of Hungary, Béla I is crowned king of Kingdom of Hungary in the Middle Ages, Hungary. *1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, Siege of Kiev (1240), falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan. *1492 – After exploring the island of Cuba for gold (which he had mistaken for Japan), Christopher Columbus lands on an island he names Hispaniola. *1534 – The city of Quito in Ecuador is founded by Spanish settlers led by Sebastián de Belalcázar. 1601–1900 *1648 – Colonel Thomas Pride of the New Model Army purges the Long Parliament of MPs sympathetic to King Charles I of England, in order for the King's trial to go ahead; came to be known as "Pride's Purge". *1704 – Battle of Chamkaur (1704), Battle of Chamkaur: During the Mughal-Sikh Wars, an outnumbered Khalsa, Sikh Khalsa defeats a Mughal Empire, Mughal army. *1745 – Charles Edward Stuart's army begins retreat during the Jacobite risin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Militarization
Militarization, or militarisation, is the process by which a society organizes itself for military conflict and violence. It is related to militarism, which is an ideology that reflects the level of militarization of a state. The process of militarization involves many interrelated aspects that encompass all levels of society. Geopolitical The perceived level of threat influences what potential for violence or warfare the state must achieve to assure itself an acceptable level of security. When the perceived level of threat is low, as with Canada, a country may have a relatively small military and level of armament. However, in Israel, the threat of attack from neighbouring countries means that the armed forces and defense have a high profile and are given significant funding and personnel. This threat may involve the: :* Balance of power of neighboring states (pre-World War I Europe, for example.) :*Terrorism, rogue states, weapons of mass destruction and state terror :*Threats ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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