Decrement Operator
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Decrement Operator
Decrement may refer to: *Decrement table *Logarithmic decrement *Increment and decrement operators Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that ''add'' or ''subtract'' one, to or from their operand, respectively. They are commonly implemented in imperative programming languages. C-like languages feature two versions (pre- an ... See also * Increment (other) {{Disambig ...
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Decrement Table
Decrement tables, also called life table methods, are used to calculate the probability of certain events. Birth control Life table methods are often used to study birth control effectiveness. In this role, they are an alternative to the Pearl Index. As used in birth control studies, a decrement table calculates a separate effectiveness rate for each month of the study, as well as for a standard period of time (usually 12 months). Use of life table methods eliminates time-related biases (i.e. the most fertile couples getting pregnant and dropping out of the study early, and couples becoming more skilled at using the method as time goes on), and in this way is superior to the Pearl Index. Two kinds of decrement tables are used to evaluate birth control methods. Multiple-decrement (or competing) tables report net effectiveness rates. These are useful for comparing competing reasons for couples dropping out of a study. Single-decrement (or noncompeting) tables report gross effective ...
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Logarithmic Decrement
Logarithmic decrement, \delta , is used to find the damping ratio of an underdamped system in the time domain. The method of logarithmic decrement becomes less and less precise as the damping ratio increases past about 0.5; it does not apply at all for a damping ratio greater than 1.0 because the system is overdamped. Method The logarithmic decrement is defined as the natural log of the ratio of the amplitudes of any two successive peaks: : \delta = \frac \ln \frac where ''x''(''t'') is the overshoot (amplitude - final value) at time ''t'' and is the overshoot of the peak ''n'' periods away, where ''n'' is any integer number of successive, positive peaks. The damping ratio is then found from the logarithmic decrement by: : \zeta = \frac Thus logarithmic decrement also permits evaluation of the Q factor of the system: : Q = \frac : Q = \frac \sqrt The damping ratio can then be used to find the natural frequency ''ω''''n'' of vibration of the system from the dam ...
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Increment And Decrement Operators
Increment and decrement operators are unary operators that ''add'' or ''subtract'' one, to or from their operand, respectively. They are commonly implemented in imperative programming languages. C-like languages feature two versions (pre- and post-) of each operator with slightly different semantics. In languages syntactically derived from B (including C and its various derivatives), the increment operator is written as ++ and the decrement operator is written as --. Several other languages use inc(x) and dec(x) functions. The increment operator increases, and the decrement operator decreases, the value of its operand by 1. The operand must have an arithmetic or pointer data type, and must refer to a modifiable data object. Pointers values are increased (or decreased) by an amount that makes them point to the next (or previous) element adjacent in memory. In languages that support both versions of the operators: * The ''pre''-increment and ''pre''-decrement operators inc ...
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