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Data Systems
Data system is an organized collection of symbols and processes that may be used to operate on such symbols. Any organised collection of symbols and symbol-manipulating operations can be considered a data system. Hence, human-speech analysed at the level of phonemes can be considered a data system as can the Incan artefact of the khipu and an image stored as pixels. A data system is defined in terms of some data model and bears a resemblance to the idea of a physical symbol system. Symbols within some data systems may be persistent or not. Hence, the sounds of human speech are non-persistent symbols because they decay rapidly in air. In contrast, pixels stored on some peripheral storage device are persistent symbols. Education In education, a data system is a computer system that aims to provide educators with student data to help solve educational problems. Examples of data systems include Student Information Systems (SISs), assessment systems, Instructional Management Systems (I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Symbol (formal)
A logical symbol is a fundamental concept in logic, type–token distinction, tokens of which may be marks or a configuration of marks which form a particular pattern. Although the term ''symbol'' in common use sometimes refers to the idea being symbolized, and at other times to the marks on a piece of paper or chalkboard which are being used to express that idea; in the formal languages studied in mathematics and logic, the term ''symbol'' refers to the idea, and the marks are considered to be a type-token distinction, token instance of the symbol. In logic, symbols build literal utility to illustrate ideas. Overview Symbols of a formal language need not be symbols ''of'' anything. For instance there are logical constants which do not refer to any idea, but rather serve as a form of punctuation in the language (e.g. parentheses). Symbols of a formal language must be capable of being specified without any reference to any interpretation (logic), interpretation of them. A symbol o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Over-the-counter Data
Over-the-counter data (OTCD) is a design approach used in data systems (particularly educational technology data systems) and data reporting in order to increase the accuracy of users' data analyses by better reporting data. The approach involves adhering to standards that are organized by five components: Label, Supplemental Documentation, Help System, Package/Display, and Content. OTCD was inspired by the varied ways over-the-counter medication supports those using its contents. Just as it would be negligent for over-the-counter medication to contain no labeling, documentation, or other supports helping people to use its contents safely, it is deemed negligent for data systems to display data for educators without providing them with the necessary supports to best ensure it is used correctly when educators use the data to treat students’ needs. Background Inspired by the varied ways over-the-counter medication supports those using its contents, OTCD was created in 2010 by Amer ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persistence (computer Science)
In computer science, persistence refers to the characteristic of State (computer science), state of a system that outlives (persists for longer than) the Process (computing), process that created it. This is achieved in practice by storing the state as data in computer data storage. Programs have to transfer data to and from storage devices and have to provide mappings from the native Programming language, programming-language Data structure, data structures to the storage device data structures. Picture editing programs or Word processor, word processors, for example, achieve State (computer science), state persistence by saving their documents to computer file, files. Orthogonal or transparent persistence Persistence is said to be "Orthogonality#Computer science, orthogonal" or "transparent" when it is implemented as an intrinsic property of the execution environment of a program. An orthogonal persistence environment does not require any specific actions by programs running i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Persistent Data Structure
In computing, a persistent data structure or not ephemeral data structure is a data structure that always preserves the previous version of itself when it is modified. Such data structures are effectively immutable, as their operations do not (visibly) update the structure in-place, but instead always yield a new updated structure. The term was introduced in Driscoll, Sarnak, Sleator, and Tarjan's 1986 article. A data structure is partially persistent if all versions can be accessed but only the newest version can be modified. The data structure is fully persistent if every version can be both accessed and modified. If there is also a meld or merge operation that can create a new version from two previous versions, the data structure is called confluently persistent. Structures that are not persistent are called ''ephemeral''. These types of data structures are particularly common in logical and functional programming, as languages in those paradigms discourage (or fully forbid) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Beynon-Davies
Paul Beynon-Davies (born 1957) is a British academic, author and consultant. Biography Born in Rhondda, Wales, he received his Bachelor of Science in Economics and Social Science and PhD in Computing from University of Wales College, Cardiff. Before taking up an academic post, he worked for several years in the UK as a computer programmer and business analyst, in both in the public and private sectors. Cardiff Business School. Retrieved 2014-11-10. He entered academia in the mid 1980s and has held positions at the , |
Longitudinal Data System
Longitudinal data system is a data system capable of tracking student information over multiple years in multiple schools. The term appears in Federal law of the United States The law of the United States comprises many levels of Codification (law), codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the supreme law is the nation's Constitution of the United States, Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the ... to describe such a system. Federal funding is provided to aid the design and implementation of such systems. References American legal terminology Student assessment and evaluation {{US-law-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Processing
Data processing is the collection and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of ''information processing'', which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.Data processing is distinct from '' word processing'', which is manipulation of text specifically rather than data generally. Functions Data processing may involve various processes, including: * Validation – Ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant. * Sorting – "arranging items in some sequence and/or in different sets." * Summarization (statistical) or (automatic) – reducing detailed data to its main points. * Aggregation – combining multiple pieces of data. * Analysis – the "collection, organization An organization or organisation (English in the Commonwealth of Nations, Commonwealth English; American and British English spelling differences#-ise, -ize (-isation, -izat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Create, Read, Update And Delete
In computer programming, create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) are the four basic operations (actions) of persistent storage. CRUD is also sometimes used to describe user interface conventions that facilitate viewing, searching, and changing information using computer-based forms and reports. History The term ''C.R.U.D'' was likely first popularized in 1983 by James Martin in his book ''Managing the data-base environment''. Conceptual Data can be put in a ''location/area'' of a storage mechanism. * The fundamental feature of a storage location is that its ''content'' is both ''readable'' and ''updatable''. * Before a storage location can be read or updated it needs to be ''created''; that is allocated and initialized with content. * At some later point, the storage location may need to be ''destructed''; that is finalized and deallocated. Together these four operations make up the basic operations of storage management known as CRUD: ''Create'', ''Read'', ''Update'' and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Student Information System
A student information system (SIS), student management system, school administration software or student administration system is a management information system for education sector establishments used to manage student data. It supports communication between students, parents, teachers and the administration. Student information systems provide capabilities for registering students in courses; documenting Grading (education), grading, Transcript (education), transcripts of academic achievement and co-curricular activities, and the results of student Educational assessment, assessment test score, scores; forming student schedules; tracking student attendance; generating reports and managing other student-related data needs in an educational institution. Information security is a concern, as universities house an array of sensitive personal information, making them potentially attractive targets for security breaches, such as those experienced by retail corporations or healthcare p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data
Data ( , ) are a collection of discrete or continuous values that convey information, describing the quantity, quality, fact, statistics, other basic units of meaning, or simply sequences of symbols that may be further interpreted formally. A datum is an individual value in a collection of data. Data are usually organized into structures such as tables that provide additional context and meaning, and may themselves be used as data in larger structures. Data may be used as variables in a computational process. Data may represent abstract ideas or concrete measurements. Data are commonly used in scientific research, economics, and virtually every other form of human organizational activity. Examples of data sets include price indices (such as the consumer price index), unemployment rates, literacy rates, and census data. In this context, data represent the raw facts and figures from which useful information can be extracted. Data are collected using technique ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Education
Education is the transmission of knowledge and skills and the development of character traits. Formal education occurs within a structured institutional framework, such as public schools, following a curriculum. Non-formal education also follows a structured approach but occurs outside the formal schooling system, while informal education involves unstructured learning through daily experiences. Formal and non-formal education are categorized into levels, including early childhood education, primary education, secondary education, and tertiary education. Other classifications focus on teaching methods, such as teacher-centered and student-centered education, and on subjects, such as science education, language education, and physical education. Additionally, the term "education" can denote the mental states and qualities of educated individuals and the academic field studying educational phenomena. The precise definition of education is disputed, and there are ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Physical Symbol System
A physical symbol system (also called a formal system) takes physical patterns (symbols), combining them into structures (expressions) and manipulating them (using processes) to produce new expressions. The physical symbol system hypothesis (PSSH) is a position in the philosophy of artificial intelligence formulated by Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon. They wrote: This claim implies both that human thinking is a kind of symbol manipulation (because a symbol system is necessary for intelligence) and that machines can be intelligent (because a symbol system is sufficient for intelligence). The idea has philosophical roots in Thomas Hobbes (who claimed reasoning was "nothing more than reckoning"), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (who attempted to create a logical calculus of all human ideas), David Hume (who thought perception could be reduced to "atomic impressions") and even Immanuel Kant (who analyzed all experience as controlled by formal rules)., The latest version is called the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
