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DDIT4L REDD2
DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 like (DDIT4L) or regulated in development and DNA damage response 2 (REDD2) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DDIT4L gene. The gene is located on chromosome 4 or chromosome 3 in human or mouse respectively. Function DDIT4L is a negative regulator of mTOR. DDIT4L is a stress responsive protein, its expression is increased under the hypoxic condition and causes or sensitize towards cell death through the regulation mTOR activity and reduction of thioredoxin-1. Cardiomyocytes showed increase expression of DDIT4L under pathological stress, which promoted autophagy through the inhibition of mTORC1, not mTORC2. Role in Disease In fibrosis, nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) H19X repressed DDIT4L gene expression, specifically interacting with a region upstream of the DDIT4L gene and increased collagen expression and fibrosis. Expression of DDIT4L is increased in pathological cardiac hypertrophy but not in those of physiological cardi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTOR
The mammalian target of sirolimus, rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''MTOR'' gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases. mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTORC1, mTOR complex 1 and mTORC2, mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. In particular, as a core component of both complexes, mTOR functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and Transcription (genetics), transcription. As a core component of mTORC2, mTOR also functions as a tyrosine protein kinase that promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. mTORC2 has also ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MTORC1
mTORC1, also known as mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 or mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1, is a protein complex that functions as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controls protein synthesis. mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) is composed of the mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR protein complex, RPTOR, regulatory-associated protein of mTOR (commonly known as raptor), mammalian lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (MLST8), AKT1S1, PRAS40 and DEPTOR. This complex embodies the classic functions of mTOR, namely as a nutrient/energy/redox sensor and controller of protein synthesis. The activity of this complex is regulated by rapamycin, insulin, growth factors, phosphatidic acid, certain amino acids and their derivatives (e.g., leucine, -leucine and β-hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid), mechanical stimuli, and oxidative stress. Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling. The role of mTORC1 is to activate translation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
DDIT4
DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 (DDIT4) protein also known as protein regulated in development and DNA damage response 1 (REDD1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''DDIT4'' gene. Function DDIT4 acts as a negative regulator of mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase that regulates a variety of cellular functions such as growth, proliferation and autophagy. In particular, upregulation of HIF-1 in response to hypoxia upregulates DDIT4, leading to activation of Tsc1/2 via 14–3–3 shuttling and subsequent downregulation of mTOR via Rheb. In addition to hypoxia, DDIT4 expression has also been shown to be activated by DNA damage and energy stress. Clinical significance Clinical interest in DDIT4 is based primarily on its effect on mTOR, which has been associated with aging and linked with diseases such as tuberous sclerosis, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, diabetes, and cancer. In particular, the overactivation of mTOR in many cancer types has led to the development of mTOR i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mechanistic Target Of Rapamycin
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), also referred to as the mechanistic target of rapamycin, and sometimes called FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1 (FRAP1), is a kinase that in humans is encoded by the ''MTOR'' gene. mTOR is a member of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinase family of protein kinases. mTOR links with other proteins and serves as a core component of two distinct protein complexes, mTOR complex 1 and mTOR complex 2, which regulate different cellular processes. In particular, as a core component of both complexes, mTOR functions as a serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth, cell proliferation, cell motility, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. As a core component of mTORC2, mTOR also functions as a tyrosine protein kinase that promotes the activation of insulin receptors and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptors. mTORC2 has also been implicated in the control and maintenance of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
