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Cymothoe (butterfly)
''Cymothoe'' is a genus of butterflies in the subfamily Limenitidinae, the admirals and relatives. They are known commonly as gliders.Van Velzen, R., et al. (2009)A new hidden species of the ''Cymothoe caenis''-complex (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from western Africa.''Zootaxa'' 2197, 53-63. The genus is distributed in the Afrotropical realm, where species are found mainly in forest habitat. mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests. Description These are medium-large to large-size (wingspan 40-70 millimetres) often quite colourful butterflies. Species in this genus exhibit a number of different colours and patterns. Among the most remarkable are a number of species where the upperside is solid coloured bright red or orange. Another group is largely pale yellow; others deep ochreous yellow and chocolate brown or pure white. Biology The larvae feed on various shrubs and trees. Recorded host genera include ''Rawsonia'' and '' Kiggelaria'' (Achariaceae ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Sangaris
''Cymothoe sangaris'', the blood-red glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central Africa. Some authors believe the species should be split into separate species. They base this on morphological characteristics (mainly in the females) and DNA research. The new species would be specialised in one food plant. (2007) DNA barcoding reveals hidden species diversity in Cymothoe (Nymphalidae)', Proc. Neth. Entomol. Soci. Meet., vol. 18, pp. 95-103. Currently, the following subspecies are recognised: *''Cymothoe sangaris sangaris'' ::Range: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Angola, DRC: Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, North Kivu, Tshopo, Tshuapa, Equateur, Kinshasa, Kwango, Kasai, Sankuru and Maniema provinces *''Cymothoe sangaris luluana'' Overlaet, 1945 ::Range: DRC: Lualaba and Lomami provinces, Zambia The larvae feed on ''Rinorea ''Rinorea'' is a genus of plant in family Violaceae. Species include: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sister Group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree. Definition The expression is most easily illustrated by a cladogram: Taxon A and taxon B are sister groups to each other. Taxa A and B, together with any other extant or extinct descendants of their most recent common ancestor (MRCA), form a monophyletic group, the clade AB. Clade AB and taxon C are also sister groups. Taxa A, B, and C, together with all other descendants of their MRCA form the clade ABC. The whole clade ABC is itself a subtree of a larger tree which offers yet more sister group relationships, both among the leaves and among larger, more deeply rooted clades. The tree structure shown connects through its root to the rest of the universal tree of life. In cladistic standards, taxa A, B, and C may represent specimens, species, genera, or any other taxonomic units. If A and B are at the same taxonomic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Lucasii
''Cymothoe lucasii'', the fiery yellow glider, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests. The larvae feed on ''Rinorea ''Rinorea'' is a genus of plant in family Violaceae. Species include: * '' Rinorea abbreviata'' G. Achoundong & J.J. Bos * '' Rinorea acommanthera'' Gagnep. * '' Rinorea antioquiensis'' Smith & Fernández * '' Rinorea bicornuta'' Hekking * '' R ...'' species. Subspecies *''Cymothoe lucasii lucasii'' (Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, western Democratic Republic of the Congo) *''Cymothoe lucasii binotorum'' Darge, 1985 (Nigeria, Cameroon, Congo, Central African Republic) *''Cymothoe lucasii cloetensi'' Seeldrayers, 1896 (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Uele, Ituri, Kwngo, Sankuru) *''Cymothoe lucasii minigorum'' Darge, 1985 (Congo: Brazzaville district) References Butt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Egesta
''Cymothoe egesta'', the common yellow glider, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. The habitat consists of lowland to sub-montane forests, including secondary growth. Males mud-puddle and both sexes are attracted to fermenting fruit. They have also been recorded feeding from the flowers of ''Cleistopholis patens''. The larvae feed on ''Rinorea'' species. Subspecies *''Cymothoe egesta egesta'' (Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana to western Nigeria) *''Cymothoe egesta confusa'' Aurivillius, 1887 (Nigeria: Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Uganda, north-western Tanzania) Gallery Common yellow gilder (Cymothoe egesta egesta) male underside 2.jpg, male ''C. e. egesta''Kakum National Park, Ghana ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Reinholdi
''Cymothoe reinholdi'', or Reinhold's creamy glider, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of primary forests An old-growth forestalso termed primary forest, virgin forest, late seral forest, primeval forest, or first-growth forestis a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibits unique ecological feature .... The larvae feed on '' Caseria congoensis''. File:Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis female.jpg, ''C. reinholdi vitalis'' female from CAR - ventral side Subspecies *''Cymothoe reinholdi reinholdi'' (Nigeria: Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo) *''Cymothoe reinholdi vitalis'' Rebel, 1914 (Central African Republic, central and north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo) References External linksImages representing ''Cymothoe reinholdi''at Consortium for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Hyarbita
''Cymothoe hyarbita'', the creamy yellow glider, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The larvae feed on '' Dichapetalum'' and ''Caloncoba ''Caloncoba'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has grea ...'' species. Subspecies *''Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbita'' (eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, western Congo) *''Cymothoe hyarbita hyarbitina'' Aurivillius, 1897 (eastern Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo) Gallery File:Cymothoe hyarbita male ventral.jpg, ''C. hyarbita hyarbita'' ventral side References Butterflies described in 1866 Cymothoe (butterfly) Butterflies of Africa Taxa named by William Chapman Hewitson {{Limenitidinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cymothoe Oemilius
''Cymothoe oemilius'', the striped glider, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The habitat consists of forests. Males are known to mud-puddle. The larvae feed on ''Caloncoba ''Caloncoba'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Achariaceae Achariaceae is a family of flowering plants consisting of 32-33 genera with about 155 species of tropical herbs, shrubs, and trees. The APG IV system has grea ...'' species. Subspecies * ''Cymothoe ochreata oemilius'' (Nigeria: east and the Cross River loop, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo) * ''Cymothoe ochreata fernandina'' Hall, 1929 (Bioko) References Butterflies described in 1859 Cymothoe (butterfly) {{limenitidinae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogenetic
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical framew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clades
A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, the equivalent Latin term ''cladus'' (plural ''cladi'') is often used in taxonomical literature. The common ancestor may be an individual, a population, or a species (extinct or extant). Clades are nested, one in another, as each branch in turn splits into smaller branches. These splits reflect evolutionary history as populations diverged and evolved independently. Clades are termed monophyletic (Greek: "one clan") groups. Over the last few decades, the cladistic approach has revolutionized biological classification and revealed surprising evolutionary relationships among organisms. Increasingly, taxonomists try to avoid naming taxa that are not clades; that is, taxa that are not monophyletic. Some of the relationships between organisms t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenetic
In biology, phenetics ( el, phainein – to appear) , also known as taximetrics, is an attempt to classify organisms based on overall similarity, usually in morphology or other observable traits, regardless of their phylogeny or evolutionary relation. It is closely related to numerical taxonomy which is concerned with the use of numerical methods for taxonomic classification. Many people contributed to the development of phenetics, but the most influential were Peter Sneath and Robert R. Sokal. Their books are still primary references for this sub-discipline, although now out of print. Phenetics has largely been superseded by cladistics for research into evolutionary relationships among species. However, certain phenetic methods, such as neighbor-joining, have found their way into phylogenetics, as a reasonable approximation of phylogeny when more advanced methods (such as Bayesian inference) are too computationally expensive. Phenetic techniques include various forms of cluste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pieter Cramer
Pieter Cramer (21 May 1721 (baptized) – 28 September 1776), was a wealthy Dutch merchant in linen and Spanish wool, remembered as an entomologist. Cramer was the director of the Zealand Society, a scientific society located in Flushing, and a member of ''Concordia et Libertate'', based in Amsterdam. This literary and patriotic society, where Cramer gave lectures on minerals, commissioned and/or financed the publishing of his book ''De uitlandsche Kapellen'', on foreign (exotic) butterflies, occurring in three parts of the world Asia, Africa and America. Cramer assembled an extensive natural history collection that included seashells, petrifications, fossils and insects of all orders. Many were colourful butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), collected in countries where the Dutch had colonial or trading links, such as Surinam, Ceylon, Sierra Leone and the Dutch East Indies. Cramer decided to get a permanent record of his collection and so engaged the painter Gerrit Wartenaar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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