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Crop Contracts Law
The Crop Contracts Law (in Catalan ''Llei de Contractes de Conreu'') was a law passed by the Parliament of Catalonia on March 21, 1934, and enacted on the symbolic date of April 14, 1934. The basic purpose of the law was to protect the tenant farmers from the ''Rabassa Morta'' ("dead strain") and promote their access to the land they were cultivating. The law was not implemented because it was revoked by the Court of Constitutional Guarantees. The negotiation that followed between the Spanish and Catalan governments was interrupted by the Revolution of October 1934, that included the proclamation of the Catalan State. Both events resulted in failure. Background: the problem of the Rabassa Morta The Rabassa Morta was a type of contract that was widespread in Catalonia, whereby a lessee (lessee rabassaire) rented a portion of land to grow vines, on the condition that the contract was dissolved if one-third of the first strains planted had died. The legal nature of this contract ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Parliament Of Catalonia
The Parliament of Catalonia ( ca, Parlament de Catalunya, ; es, Parlamento de Cataluña; oc, Parlament de Catalonha) is the unicameral legislature of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Spain. The Parliament is currently made up of 135 members, known as deputies (''diputats''/''deputats''/''diputados''), who are elected for four-year terms or after extraordinary dissolution, chosen by universal suffrage in lists of four constituencies, corresponding to the Catalan provinces. The Parliament building is located in Ciutadella Park, Barcelona. Established in 1932, after the grant of self-government to Catalonia by the Second Spanish Republic, it went to exile in 1939 as a consequence of the Nationalist victory in the Spanish Civil War. It was reestablished in 1979 during the transition to democracy. The most recent general election to the Parliament was held on 14 February 2021. Historical background Catalan Courts The first representative and legislative bodies in Catalo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Republican Left Of Catalonia
The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a Catalan independence movement, pro-Catalan independence, social democracy, social-democratic List of political parties in Catalonia, political party in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, with a presence also in Valencian Community, Valencia, the Balearic Islands and the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales (Northern Catalonia).Jaume Renyer Alimbau, ''ERC: temps de transició. Per una esquerra forta, renovadora i plural'' (Barcelona: Cossetània, 2008). It is also the main sponsor of the independence movement from France and Spain in the territories known as Catalan Countries, focusing in recent years on the creation of a Catalan Republic in Catalonia proper. Its current president is Oriol Junqueras and its secretary-general is Marta Rovira. The party is a member of the European Free Alliance. ERC, a party of relevant Catalan politicians including France ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Events Of 6 October
The events of 6 October ( ca, Fets del sis d'octubre) were a general strike, armed insurgency and declaration of a Catalan State by Catalonia's autonomous government on 6 October 1934, in reaction to the inclusion of conservatives in the republican regime of Spain. They took place as part of a nationwide strike and armed action known as the Revolution of 1934. Catalan President Lluís Companys declared the Catalan State at 8p.m. Martial law was declared, and military forces attacked the Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Palace of the Government of Catalonia) and other buildings. Companys surrendered on the morning of 7 October. Background In Spain In the general election of 1933, left-wing parties lost heavily, and the newly formed conservative Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (Confederation of the Autonomous Right; CEDA), led by José María Gil Robles, became the largest party with 115 seats. Nevertheless, incoming prime minister Alejandro Lerroux for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolution Of October 1934
The Revolution of 1934, also known as the Revolution of October 1934 or the Revolutionary General Strike of 1934, was a revolutionary strike movement that took place between 5 and 19 October 1934, during the black biennium of the Second Spanish Republic. The revolts were triggered by the entry of the conservative Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) into the Spanish government. Most of the events occurred in Catalonia and Asturias and were supported by many Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and General Union of Workers (UGT) members, notably Largo Caballero. Historians have argued that the incident sharpened antagonism between the political Right and Left in Spain and was part of the reason for the later Spanish Civil War. Prelude The elections held in October 1933 resulted in a centre-right majority. The political party with the most votes was the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas ("CEDA"), but president Alcalá-Zamora decided not to invit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miquel Badia
Miquel Badia i Capell (1906–1936) was a prominent figure of radical Catalan separatism during the days of the Second Spanish Republic, member of Estat Català and the JEREC, Chief of Public Order of the Generalitat of Catalonia. He became known among his followers as ''Capità Collons'' ('Captain Balls'). Biography He was born on 10 March 1906 in Torregrossa, in the province of Lleida. He took part in the Catalan separatist initiative that plotted the 1925 failed assassination attempt on King Alfonso XIII of Spain, Alfonso XIII. Tortured, he spent a while in the Burgos Prison. After the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in April 1931, Badia, an ardent follower of Francesc Macià, became allied to Josep Dencàs; both got to control the JEREC,—youth wing of the newly created Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC)—and its shock squads, the olive green-shirted ''escamots''. Described by Stanley G. Payne, Payne as proto-fascists, both Badia and Dencàs talked about the pros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Josep Dencàs
Josep Dencàs i Puigdollers (March 19, 1900 – February 13, 1966) was a Catalan nationalist politician active in the Republican Left of Catalonia. A supporter of Catalan independence movement, he served as interior minister of short-lived Catalan State during the turbulent Events of 6 October. He was considered a leading figure of the Catalan version of fascism. Biography He was born in Vic on March 19, 1900 in a family of pharmacists. He studied at the University of Barcelona, where he graduated in medicine. He entered Freemasonry through his father-in-law. Political career Dencàs participated in the establishment of an earlier Catalan Republic (and the Second Spanish Republic) in 1931, having participated in the founding of the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) a few days earlier. He was elected ERC deputy for the Barcelona district in the general elections of June 1931 and in the first elections to the Parliament of Catalonia, in 1932. During these months he focuse ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Basque Nationalist Party
The Basque Nationalist Party (, EAJ ; es, Partido Nacionalista Vasco, PNV; french: Parti Nationaliste Basque, PNB; EAJ-PNV), officially Basque National Party in English,) was rejected by party members in November 2011. Nonetheless, the party did introduce the change in the English version of the name. is a Basque nationalist and regionalist political party. The party is Christian-democratic, with social-democratic and conservative-liberal factions. It operates in all the territories comprising the Basque Country: the Basque Autonomous Community and Navarre in Spain, and in the French Basque Country. It also has delegations in dozens of foreign nations, specifically those with a major presence of Basque immigrants. The EAJ-PNV was founded by Sabino Arana in 1895, which makes it the second oldest extant political party in Spain, after the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. The EAJ-PNV is the largest Basque nationalist party, having led the Basque Government uninterruptedly sin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Constitution Of 1931
The Spanish Constitution of 1931 was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It was the constitution of the Second Spanish Republic (founded 14 April 1931) and was in force until 1 April 1939. This was the second period of Spanish history in which both head of state and head of government were democratically elected. A constitutional draft prepared by a commission under a reformist Catholic lawyer Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo having been rejected, an amended draft was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 9 December 1931. It created a secular democratic system based on equal rights for all citizens, with provision for regional autonomy. It introduced female suffrage, civil marriage and divorce. It permitted the state to expropriate private property, with compensation, for reasons of broader social utility. It also established free, obligatory, secular education for all and dissolved the Jesuits. The Republic "was the culmination of a process of mass mobilisation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francesc Macià
Francesc Macià i Llussà (; 21 September 1859 – 25 December 1933) was a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as the 122nd president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, and formerly an officer in the Spanish Army. Politically, he evolved from an initial regenerationism of Spain to the defense of the Catalan Republic, becoming the first president of the restored Generalitat and achieving the first successful establishment of the self-government of Catalonia of modern history. Life Early years Francesc Macià i Llussà was born in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Catalonia, Spain. Shortly after the death of his father, when he was 16, he entered the Military Academy of Guadalajara to join the Corps of Engineers of the Spanish Army, specializing in bridges, railways and telegraphs. He requested to be transferred to Cuba but was sent several times to Barcelona, Madrid and Seville, rising from telegrapher to captain. As an officer in the Spanish army, he favored its modernization. He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Court Of Constitutional Guarantees
A court is any person or institution, often as a government institution, with the authority to adjudicate legal disputes between parties and carry out the administration of justice in civil, criminal, and administrative matters in accordance with the rule of law. In both common law and civil law legal systems, courts are the central means for dispute resolution, and it is generally understood that all people have an ability to bring their claims before a court. Similarly, the rights of those accused of a crime include the right to present a defense before a court. The system of courts that interprets and applies the law is collectively known as the judiciary. The place where a court sits is known as a venue. The room where court proceedings occur is known as a courtroom, and the building as a courthouse; court facilities range from simple and very small facilities in rural communities to large complex facilities in urban communities. The practical authority given to the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ricardo Samper
Ricardo Samper Ibáñez (25 August 1881 – 27 October 1938) was a Spanish political figure during the Second Spanish Republic. Political career Samper served as Valencia mayor between 1920 and 1923. In 1931 he was elected as Member of the Parliament with Alejandro Lerroux's Radical Republican Party. He served first as Minister of Labor and later as Minister of Industry. On 28 April 1934, he was appointed as the 127th President of the Government when Lerroux quit. As one of Lerroux's chief lieutenants, he was asked by Alcala Zamora to succeed Lerroux. He was also a follower of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez, the novelist from the more liberal side of the party. Samper resigned the post in October, after losing CEDA's support amid the "Revolutionary Insurrection of 1934". On 4 October, a new coalition was announced, and the "Socialist revolutionary committee" was announced. He served in the following government for one month, after which he quit politics. Samper left Spain at the ou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
