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Cram
Cram may refer to: * Cram (surname), a surname, and list of notable persons having the surname * Cram.com, a website for creating and sharing flashcards * Cram (Australian game show), a television show * ''Cram'' (game show), a TV game show that aired on the Game Show Network * Cram (game), an impartial mathematical game similar to domineering * Cram (software), a flashcard application for Apple devices * Cram Motorsport, an auto racing team based in Italy CRAM may refer to: * NCR CRAM, Card Random-Access Memory, a computer memory technology developed by NCR * Chalcogenide RAM, Chalcogenide random access memory, a phase-change computer memory technology * Challenge–response authentication mechanism, a computer security procedure * Counter-RAM, Counter-Rockets, Artillery and Mortars, a weapons system * MS-CRAM, also known as Microsoft Video 1, a codec * CRAM diet, the Cereal, Rice, And Milk diet * CRAM (file format), a compressed genome sequence alignment file See also * Cra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cram (surname)
Cram is a surname, and may refer to * Alastair Cram (1909–1994), Scottish mountaineer, lawyer and Second World War British Army officer * Allen Gilbert Cram (1886–1947), American painter * Bobby Cram (1939–2007), English footballer * Cleveland Cram (1917–1999), American CIA station chief and historian * Donald J. Cram (1919–2001), Nobel Prize–winning American chemist * Edith Claire Cram (1880–1960), American peace activist and heiress * Eloise Blaine Cram (1896–1957), American parasitologist * George F. Cram (1842–1928), American map publisher * George Henry Cram (1838–1872), Union Army colonel during the American Civil War * Holly Cram (born 1984), Scottish field hockey player * Jerry Cram (born 1947), American former baseball pitcher and coach * Mildred Cram (1889–1985), American writer * Ralph Adams Cram (1863–1942), American architect * Ralph W. Cram (1869–1952), American newspaper publisher and aviator * Scott Cram Scott Cram (born 30 Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Challenge–response Authentication
In computer security, challenge–response authentication is a family of protocols in which one party presents a question ("challenge") and another party must provide a valid answer ("response") to be authenticated. The simplest example of a challenge–response protocol is password authentication, where the challenge is asking for the password and the valid response is the correct password. An adversary who can eavesdrop on a password authentication can then authenticate itself by reusing the intercepted password. One solution is to issue multiple passwords, each of them marked with an identifier. The verifier can then present an identifier, and the prover must respond with the correct password for that identifier. Assuming that the passwords are chosen independently, an adversary who intercepts one challenge–response message pair has no clues to help with a different challenge at a different time. For example, when other communications security methods are unavailable, the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRAMM
{{More citations needed, date=September 2022 CRAMM (CCTA Risk Analysis and Management Method) is a risk management methodology, currently on its fifth version, CRAMM Version 5.0. History CRAMM was created in 1987 by the Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA), now renamed into Cabinet Office, of the United Kingdom government. Methodology CRAMM comprises three stages, each supported by objective questionnaires and guidelines. The first two stages identify and analyze the risks to the system. The third stage recommends how these risks should be managed. The three stages of CRAMM are as follows: Stage 1 The establishment of the objectives for security by: * Defining the boundary for the study for Risk Assessment * Identifying and valuing the physical assets that form part of the system; * Determining the 'value' of the data held by interviewing users about the potential business impacts that could arise from unavailability, destruction, disclosure or modification; * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cramming (fraud)
Cramming is a form of fraud in which small charges are added to a bill by a third party without the subscriber's consent, approval, authorization or disclosure. These may be disguised as a tax, some other common fee or a bogus service, and may be several dollars or even just a few cents. The crammer's intent is that the subscriber will overlook and ultimately pay these small charges without them knowing what it's all about. According to the U.S. National Association of Attorneys General, cramming was the 4th most common consumer complaint of 2007 in the United States. Types There are various forms of cramming. Phone cramming Phone cramming is the practice of placing unauthorized charges on a telecommunication subscriber's home or mobile telephone bill. Cramming is most common in the US, where the breakup of the Bell System left subscribers with different vendors for local and long-distance service. LEC billing consolidated charges from multiple vendors on one bill, but open ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cramming (education)
In education, cramming is the practice of working intensively to absorb large volumes of information in short amounts of time. It is often done by students in preparation for upcoming exams, especially just before them. Usually the student's priority is to obtain shallow recall suited to a superficial examination protocol, rather than to internalize the deep structure of the subject matter. Cramming is often discouraged by educators because the hurried coverage of material tends to result in poor long-term retention of material, a phenomenon often referred to as the spacing effect. Despite this, educators nevertheless widely persist in the use of superficial examination protocols, because these questions are easier to compose, quicker (and therefore cheaper for the institution) to grade, and objective on their own terms. When cramming, one attempts to focus only on studies and to forgo unnecessary actions or habits. In contrast with cramming, active learning and critical thinki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRAM (file Format)
Compressed Reference-oriented Alignment Map (CRAM) is a compressed columnar file format for storing biological sequences aligned to a reference sequence, initially devised by Markus Hsi-Yang Fritz ''et al''. CRAM was designed to be an efficient reference-based alternative to the Sequence Alignment Map (SAM) and Binary Alignment Map (BAM) file formats. It optionally uses a genomic reference to describe differences between the aligned sequence fragments and the reference sequence, reducing storage costs. Additionally each column in the SAM format is separated into its own blocks, improving compression ratio. CRAM files typically vary from 30 to 60% smaller than BAM, depending on the data held within them. Implementations of CRAM exist in htsjdk, htslib, JBrowse, and Scramble. The file format specification is maintained by the Global Alliance for Genomics and Health (GA4GH) with the specification document available from the EBI cram toolkit page. File format The basic stru ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRAM Diet
The CRAM diet (cereal, rice, applesauce, and milk) is a short term dietary treatment for diarrhea and gastroenteritis. The CRAM diet has more complete protein and fat content than the BRAT diet. Recent research The use of cereals, rice and milk as a stop-gap eating plan for stomach upset, has been validated as a more effective remedy to manage diarrhea than BRAT by recent research in hospitals in South America and Asia. According to John Snyder, M.D., professor of pediatrics at the University of California at San Francisco Medical Center and a member of the American Academy of Pediatrics subcommittee on treating acute diarrhea: Need for additional hydration Due to severe dehydration caused by both diarrhea and gastroenteritis, the CRAM eating plan should be combined with oral rehydration therapy (ORT) through the administration of liquids (e.g. Gatorade, Pedialyte) or food-based fluids (such as broth or gruels) to replace loss of fluids. According to John Snyder, it's essenti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MS-CRAM
Microsoft Video 1 or MS-CRAM is an early lossy video compression and decompression algorithm (codec) that was released with version 1.0 of Microsoft's Video for Windows in November 1992. It is based on MotiVE, a vector quantization codec which Microsoft licensed from Media Vision. In 1993, Media Vision marketed the Pro Movie Spectrum, an ISA board that captured video in both raw and MSV1 formats (the MSV1 processing was done in hardware on the board). Compression algorithm Microsoft Video 1 operates either in an 8-bit palettized color space or in a 15-bit RGB color space. Each frame is split into 4×4 pixel blocks. Each 4×4 pixel block can be coded in one of three modes: skip, 2-color or 8-color. In skip mode, the content from the previous frame is copied to the current frame in a conditional replenishment fashion. In 2-color mode, two colors per 4×4 block are transmitted, and 1 bit per pixel is used to select between the two colors. In 8-color mode, the same scheme applies ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalcogenide RAM
Phase-change memory (also known as PCM, PCME, PRAM, PCRAM, OUM (ovonic unified memory) and C-RAM or CRAM (chalcogenide RAM)) is a type of non-volatile random-access memory. PRAMs exploit the unique behaviour of chalcogenide glass. In PCM, heat produced by the passage of an electric current through a heating element generally made of titanium nitride is used to either quickly heat and quench the glass, making it amorphous, or to hold it in its crystallization temperature range for some time, thereby switching it to a crystalline state. PCM also has the ability to achieve a number of distinct intermediary states, thereby having the ability to hold multiple bits in a single cell, but the difficulties in programming cells in this way has prevented these capabilities from being implemented in other technologies (most notably flash memory) with the same capability. Recent research on PCM has been directed towards attempting to find viable material alternatives to the phase-change mate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cram
Cram may refer to: * Cram (surname), a surname, and list of notable persons having the surname * Cram.com, a website for creating and sharing flashcards * Cram (Australian game show), a television show * ''Cram'' (game show), a TV game show that aired on the Game Show Network * Cram (game), an impartial mathematical game similar to domineering * Cram (software), a flashcard application for Apple devices * Cram Motorsport, an auto racing team based in Italy CRAM may refer to: * NCR CRAM, Card Random-Access Memory, a computer memory technology developed by NCR * Chalcogenide RAM, Chalcogenide random access memory, a phase-change computer memory technology * Challenge–response authentication mechanism, a computer security procedure * Counter-RAM, Counter-Rockets, Artillery and Mortars, a weapons system * MS-CRAM, also known as Microsoft Video 1, a codec * CRAM diet, the Cereal, Rice, And Milk diet * CRAM (file format), a compressed genome sequence alignment file See also * Cra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NCR CRAM
CRAM, or Card Random-Access Memory, model 353-1, was a data storage device invented by NCR Corporation, NCR, which first appeared on their model NCR-315 mainframe computer in 1962. It was also available for NCR's third generation NCR Century 100, NCR Century series as the NCR/653-100. A CRAM cartridge contained 256 3x14 inch cards with a PET film (biaxially oriented), PET film magnetic recording surface. Each "deck" of cards could contain up to 5.5 MB of alphanumeric characters. The cards were suspended from eight d-section rods, which were selectively rotated to release a specific card, each card having a unique pattern of notches at one end. The selected card was dropped and wrapped around a rotating drum to be read or written. Each cartridge could store 5.5 MB. Later versions of the CRAM, the 353-2 and 353-3, used decks of 512 cards, thus doubling the storage capacity of each unit. Each card contains seven tracks containing 1550 slab (NCR), slabs (12 bits each). Norma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
