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Cox–Forbes Theory
The Cox–Forbes theory is a long-debunked theory on the evolution of chess put forward by Captain Hiram Cox (1760–1799) and extended by Professor Duncan Forbes (1798–1868). The theory states that a four-handed dice-chess game (Chaturaji) originated in India in approximately 3000 BC; and that arising from the results of certain rules, or the difficulty in getting enough players, the game evolved into a two-handed game ( Chaturanga). On account of religious and legal objections in Hinduism to gambling, the dice were dropped from the game, making it a game of pure skill. Theory The theory arose from an article by Hiram Cox published posthumously in ''Asiatic Researches'' in 1801. Cox's article was a commentary on an earlier article written by Sir William Jones, which included an account of the Indian text ''Bhavishya Purana'', which he believed to date from c.3000 BC. Jones stated that this contained a description of a four-player version of chess, presented in the form of a d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cox Hindoo Chess
Cox may refer to: * Cox (surname), including people with the name Companies * Cox Enterprises, a media and communications company ** Cox Communications, cable provider ** Cox Media Group, a company that owns television and radio stations ** Cox Automotive, an Atlanta-based business unit of Cox Enterprises * Cox Models, aka Cox Hobbies * Cox Sports, a regional sports network that served the United States New England region until 2012 Places Antarctica * Cox Glacier * Cox Nunatak * Cox Peaks * Cox Point * Cox Reef United States * Cox, Florida * Cox, Missouri * Cox College (Georgia), a defunct private women's college located in College Park, Georgia * Cox College (Missouri), a private college in Springfield, Missouri * Cox Furniture Store, c. 1890, a historic site in Gainesville, Florida * Cox Furniture Warehouse, a historic site in Gainesville, Florida * Cox Run, a tributary of Little Muncy Creek in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania * Cox site Elsewhere * Cox Island, Canada ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ravana
Ravana (; , , ) is a rakshasa king of the island of Lanka, and the chief antagonist of the Hindu epic ''Ramayana'' and its adaptations. In the ''Ramayana'', Ravana is described to be the eldest son of sage Vishrava and rakshasi Kaikesi. He abducted Prince Rama's wife Sita and took her to his kingdom of Lanka, where he held her in the Ashoka Vatika. Later, Rama, with the support of vanara King Sugriva and his army of vanaras, launched an invasion against Ravana in Lanka. Ravana was subsequently slain and Rama rescued his beloved wife Sita. Ravana is widely portrayed to be an evil character, though he also has many qualities that make him a learned scholar. He was well-versed in the six shastras and the four Vedas. Ravana is also considered to be the most revered devotee of Shiva. Images of Ravana are seen associated with Shiva at some temples. He also appears in the Buddhist Mahayana text ''Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra'', in Buddhist Ramayanas and Jatakas, as well as in Jain Ra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Oxford Companion To Chess
''The Oxford Companion to Chess'' is a reference book on the game of chess written by David Vincent Hooper and Kenneth Whyld. The book is written in an encyclopedia format. The book belongs to the Oxford Companions series. Details The first edition of the book was published in 1984 by Oxford University Press. The second edition (1992) has over 2,500 entries, including rules, terms, strategies, tactics, over 500 brief biographies of famous players, and entries on more than 700 named openings and opening variations. In the back of the book is a comprehensive index of opening variations and sub-variations, listing 1,327 named variations. The book also discusses chess from other countries (such as shogi), chess variants (such as three dimensional chess), and some forms of fairy chess. Editions * First published in 1984 by Oxford University Press Oxford University Press (OUP) is the university press of the University of Oxford. It is the largest university press in the w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Four-player Chess
Four-player chess (also known as four-handed chess) is a family of chess variants played with four people. The game features a special board typically made of a standard 8×8 square, with 3 rows of 8 cells each extending from each side, and requires two sets of differently colored pieces. The rules are similar to, but not the same as, regular chess. There are a variety of different rule variations; most variations, however, share a somewhat similar board and piece setup. Variation of four-handed chess have been around for centuries. The modern game has been around for over 200 years, popping up in different places in Europe. Historically, the Four-Handed Chess Club, which was founded by George Hope Verney around 1884 in London, is the most well known iteration. Currently, it can be played online, or bought commercially to be played in person. Gameplay can be in teams, typically with the two partners across from each other. It can also be free-for-all, with each of the players try ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Chess
The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1500 years to its earliest known predecessor, called chaturanga, in India; its prehistory is the subject of speculation. From India it spread to Persia. Following the Arab invasion and conquest of Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world and subsequently spread to Spain and the rest of Southern Europe. The game evolved roughly into its current form by about 1500 CE. "Romantic chess" was the predominant playing style from the late 18th century to the 1880s. Chess games of this period emphasized quick, tactical maneuvers rather than long-term strategic planning. The Romantic era of play was followed by the Scientific, Hypermodern, and New Dynamism eras. In the second half of the 19th century, modern chess tournament play began, and the first official World Chess Championship was held in 1886. The 20th century saw great leaps forward in chess theory and the establishment of the World Chess Federation. In 1997, an IBM super ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chess Historian
This is a list of chess historians. Chess historians *Yuri Averbakh * Henry Bird * Ricardo Calvo (October 22, 1943 – September 26, 2002) * Hiram Cox * G. H. Diggle *David Vincent Hooper *Willard Fiske *Professor Duncan Forbes * Jeremy Gaige * Ann Gunter *Tim Harding (chess player) * H. F. W. Holt p. 5. *Thomas Hyde (29 June 1636 – 18 February 1703) *Sir William Jones (September 28, 1746 – April 27, 1794) *Garry Kasparov *Baron von der Lasa * David H. Li * Antonius van der Linde * A. A. Macdonell *H. J. R. Murray (June 24, 1868 – May 16, 1955) * Joseph Needham * A. v. Oefele * M. E. V. Savenkof * F. Strohmeyer * Olimpiu G. Urcan * Bo Utas * John Griswold White *Ken Whyld (6 March 1926 – 11 July 2003) *William Henry Wilkinson Sir William Henry Wilkinson (traditional Chinese: 務謹順, simplified Chinese: 务谨顺; May 10, 1858The Foreign Office list and diplomatic and consular year book for 1917, Foreign Office, Great Britain. - 1930) was a British Sinologist who se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Griswold White
John Griswold White (10 August 1845 – 27 August 1928) was a prominent Cleveland attorney, a chess connoisseur, and a bibliophile. Early life and education John Griswold White was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1845 to Bushnell and Elizabeth Brainard (Clark) White, both originally from Massachusetts. White's birthplace was located on what was then Lake Street (near the present-day City Hall). Both of John Griswold White's parents valued education, and Bushnell White once wrote a letter to the '' Cleveland Herald and Gazette'' in March 1847 that read in part: "Freedom and equal rights have ever, and always will, exist in proportion to the knowledge of the people." Bushnell White graduated from Williams College, and Elizabeth White graduated from Troy (NY) Female Seminary. John G. White was born near-sighted but was not diagnosed until he was a teenager. Although fitted with glasses eventually, White usually read without them, preferring (according to his contemporaries) to hold t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raghunandana
Raghunandana (c. 16th century CE) was an Indian Sanskrit scholar from the Bengal region. His writings include 28 Smriti digests on Hindu law and a commentary on '' Dayabhaga''. Life Raghunandana was born at Nabadwip, to Harihara Bhattacharya. He was a pupil of Srinatha Acharya Chudamani. His writings mention ''Rayamukuta'' (1431 CE), and are mentioned by ''Viramitrodaya'' of Mitramisra (early 17th century). Thus, it can be inferred that Raghunandana lived around 16th century CE. The various estimates of his lifespan include: * Rajendra Chandra Hazra: 1520-1570 * Monmohan Chakravarti: born 1490 or 1500, literary activity during 1520-1575 * Pandurang Vaman Kane: 1510-1580 Bani Chakravarti wrote a book on him, titled ''Samaj-samskarak Raghunandan'' (1964), in Bengali language. Works ''Astavimsati-tattva'' Raghunandana authored 28 Smriti digests on civil law and rituals, collectively known as ''Astavimsati-tattva''. The English scholars compared Raghunandana's digests to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Albrecht Weber
Friedrich Albrecht Weber (; 17 February 1825 – 30 November 1901) was a Prussian - German Indologist and historian who studied the history of Jainism in India. Some older sources have the first and middle names interchanged. Weber was born in Breslau, where his father Friedrich Benedict Weber was a professor of political economy. The protestant family had roots in Schleusingen where ancestors had held clerical posts. Weber studied Greek, Latin and Hebrew in Thüringen. He then sought to become a historian and went to the University of Breslau. He studied Arabic under Hinrich Middeldorpf and Sanskrit under Adolf Friedrich Stenzler (1807–1887). In 1844, he spent two semester in Bonn attending classes under Christian Lassen and Johannes Gildemeister. At Stenzler's suggestion, he studied the Yajurveda, examining the ninth chapter of the Vâjasaneyi-Samhitâ from a copy in London. He also spent some time in 1845 in Berlin studying under Franz Bopp, H. J. Petermann, Wilhelm Schot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
A History Of Chess
The book ''A History of Chess'' was written by H. J. R. Murray (1868–1955) and published in 1913. Details Murray's aim is threefold: to present as complete a record as is possible of the varieties of chess that exist or have existed in different parts of the world; to investigate the ultimate origin of these games and the circumstances of the invention of chess; and to trace the development of the modern European game from the first appearance of its ancestor, the Indian chaturanga, in the beginning of the 7th century. The first part of the book describes the history of the Asiatic varieties of chess, the Arabic and Persian literature on chess, and the theory and practice of the game of shatranj. The second part is concerned with chess in Europe in the Middle Ages, its role in literature and in the moralities, and with medieval chess problems, leading up to the beginning of modern chess and the history of the modern game through to the 19th century. Murray, who knew the Englis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shatranj
Shatranj ( ar, شطرنج; fa, شترنج; from Middle Persian ''chatrang'' ) is an old form of chess, as played in the Sasanian Empire. Its origins are in the Indian game of chaturaṅga. Modern chess gradually developed from this game, as it was introduced to Europe by contacts in Muslim Al-Andalus (modern Spain) and in Sicily in the 10th century. Etymology and origins The Persian word ''shatranj'' ultimately derives from Sanskrit ( sa, चतुरङ्ग; ') (''catuḥ'': "four"; ''anga'': "arm"), referring to the game of the same name: Chaturanga. In Middle Persian the word appears as ''chatrang'', with the 'u' lost due to syncope and the 'a' lost to apocope, such as in the title of the text ''Mâdayân î chatrang'' ("Book of Chess") from the 7th century AD. In Persian folk etymology, a Persian text refers to Shah Ardashir I, who ruled from 224 to 241, as a master of the game: "By the help of Providence, Ardeshir became more victorious and warlike than all, on t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Checkmate
Checkmate (often shortened to mate) is any game position in chess and other chess-like games in which a player's king is in check (threatened with ) and there is no possible escape. Checkmating the opponent wins the game. In chess, the king is never actually captured—the player loses as soon as the player's king is checkmated. In formal games, it is usually considered good etiquette to resign an inevitably lost game before being checkmated. If a player is not in check but has no legal move, then it is '' stalemate'', and the game immediately ends in a draw. A checkmating move is recorded in algebraic notation using the hash symbol "#", for example: 34.Qg3#. Examples A checkmate may occur in as few as two moves on one side with all of the pieces still on the board (as in Fool's mate, in the opening phase of the game), in a middlegame position (as in the 1956 game called the Game of the Century between Donald Byrne and Bobby Fischer), or after many moves with as few as t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
