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Copper Cartels
Since 1870, there have been several formal attempts to restrict the copper output and raise, in this form, its price. This is a list of copper cartels in the 20th century: * Copper Export Association, CEA, 1918–1923 * Copper Exporters, Inc., CEI, 1926–1932 * International Copper Cartel, ICC, 1935–1939 (created by the World Copper Agreement) * Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries The Intergovernmental Council of Countries Exporters of Copper (CIPEC) (French ''Conseil intergouvernemental des pays exportateurs de cuivre'') was created in 1967 in Lusaka with the objective of coordinating policies of the country members lookin ..., CIPEC, 1967–1988 Further reading * Herfindahl, O. (1959) Copper costs and prices: 1870–1957, RFF, Baltimore. {{DEFAULTSORT:Copper cartels Copper cartels Copper mining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cartel
A cartel is a group of independent market participants who collude with each other in order to improve their profits and dominate the market. Cartels are usually associations in the same sphere of business, and thus an alliance of rivals. Most jurisdictions consider it anti-competitive behavior and have outlawed such practices. Cartel behavior includes price fixing, bid rigging, and reductions in output. The doctrine in economics that analyzes cartels is cartel theory. Cartels are distinguished from other forms of collusion or anti-competitive organization such as corporate mergers. Etymology The word ''cartel'' comes from the Italian word '' cartello'', which means a "leaf of paper" or "placard", and is itself derived from the Latin ''charta'' meaning "card". The Italian word became ''cartel'' in Middle French, which was borrowed into English. In English, the word was originally used for a written agreement between warring nations to regulate the treatment and exchange of p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper Export Association
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from circa 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be smelted from sulfide ores, circa 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create bronze, c. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper Exporters, Inc
Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu (from la, cuprum) and atomic number 29. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a pinkish-orange color. Copper is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, as a building material, and as a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in jewelry, cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins, and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement. Copper is one of the few metals that can occur in nature in a directly usable metallic form (native metals). This led to very early human use in several regions, from circa 8000 BC. Thousands of years later, it was the first metal to be Smelting, smelted from sulfide ores, circa 5000 BC; the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold, c. 4000 BC; and the first metal to be purposely alloyed with another metal, tin, to create ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Copper Cartel
The varied difficulties experienced by the copper industry after the depths of the Great Depression were followed by the idea of getting relief through some form of collective action in order to reduce the intensity of competition. In this way on March, 28th, 1935, the International Copper Cartel (ICC) was formed. There were five members in the cartel and two friendly foreign observers. The voting members were: Anaconda Copper (United States), Kennecott Copper (United States), Roan Antelope Copper (Northern Rhodesia), Rhokana Corporation (Northern Rhodesia) and the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga (Belgian Congo), while the non voting members were Bor (Yugoslavia) and Rio Tinto (Spain). Combined, these seven companies accounted for more than half of the global output of refined copper at that time. The main difference between this and the previous copper cartels is that the ICC members did not attempt to set uniform prices. Rather, they merely wanted to influence prices indirect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World Copper Agreement
The World Copper Agreement, signed March 28, 1935, was an agreement by mining companies that attempted to create a worldwide copper cartel. The agreement formally created the International Copper Cartel. Uniting African, South American and European producers, the agreement aimed to "bring about better conditions in the production, distribution and marketing of copper throughout the world outside of the United States" through curtailment of production. To supervise the implementation of the agreement and amend breaches of it, the agreement provided for the creation of a Control Committee of 5 members. Signaturies to the agreement * T Union Minière du Haut Katanga ( Katanga, Belgian Congo) * Rhokana Corporation ( Zambia) * Roan Antelope Copper Mines (Zambia) * Chile Exploration Company ( Chile) * Andes Copper Mining (Chile) * Greene Cananea Copper Greene may refer to: Places United States *Greene, Indiana, an unincorporated community *Greene, Iowa, a city *Greene, Maine, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intergovernmental Council Of Copper Exporting Countries
The Intergovernmental Council of Countries Exporters of Copper (CIPEC) (French ''Conseil intergouvernemental des pays exportateurs de cuivre'') was created in 1967 in Lusaka with the objective of coordinating policies of the country members looking for growth in the revenues coming from copper. Composition It was initially constituted with four members, Chile, Peru, Zaire and Zambia. A further four were added to the cartel in 1975 - Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Yugoslavia. CIPEC represented around 30% of the world's refined copper, and more than 50% of the proven reserves of copper. The intent of the members to secure higher prices failed, particularly of increasing the price during the crisis of 1975-1976, and the subsequent change in Chile's economic system finally ended the cartel. Many experts consider that the market power of this cartel was negligible, because the residual demand that it faced was elastic (much higher than OPEC, for example). The inability of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Copper Cartels
Since 1870, there have been several formal attempts to restrict the copper output and raise, in this form, its price. This is a list of copper cartels in the 20th century: * Copper Export Association, CEA, 1918–1923 * Copper Exporters, Inc., CEI, 1926–1932 * International Copper Cartel, ICC, 1935–1939 (created by the World Copper Agreement) * Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries The Intergovernmental Council of Countries Exporters of Copper (CIPEC) (French ''Conseil intergouvernemental des pays exportateurs de cuivre'') was created in 1967 in Lusaka with the objective of coordinating policies of the country members lookin ..., CIPEC, 1967–1988 Further reading * Herfindahl, O. (1959) Copper costs and prices: 1870–1957, RFF, Baltimore. {{DEFAULTSORT:Copper cartels Copper cartels Copper mining ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
