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Comboios Portugal
CP — Comboios de Portugal, EPE (''CP''; English: ''Trains of Portugal'') is a state-owned company which operates passenger trains in Portugal. Before June 2009, CP stood for Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses (English: ''Portuguese Railways'') although the company has been using its current designation as a brand name since 2004. In 2019, CP transported 145 million passengers, 19 million more than in 2018. History On 28 October 1856, the first railway line was inaugurated in Portugal, between Lisbon and Carregado: the ''Companhia dos Caminhos de Ferro Portugueses'' was born. The network was gradually expanded both south of the Tagus and to the north of the country, as well as in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto and to Spain. During the second half of the 20th century, much of CP's rolling stock was built in Portugal by Sorefame - notably carriages with stainless steel bodywork. Gradually, electrification was put in place for a little less than half the network. In 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incorporation (business)
Incorporation is the formation of a new corporation. The corporation may be a business, a nonprofit organization, sports club, or a local government of a new city or town. In the United States Specific incorporation requirements in the United States differ on a state by state basis. However, there are common pieces of information that states require to be included in the certificate of incorporation. *Business purpose *Corporation name *Registered agent *Inc. *Share par value *Number of authorized shares of stock *Directors *Preferred shares *Officers *Legal address A business purpose describes the incorporated tasks a company has to do or provide. The purpose can be general, indicating that the budding company has been formed to carry out "all lawful business" in the region. Alternatively, the purpose can be specific, furnishing a more detailed explanation of the products and/or services to be offered by their company. The chosen name should be followed with a corporate iden ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rail 2000
Rail 2000 (German language, German: ''Bahn 2000''; French language, French: ''Rail 2000'', Italian language, Italian: ''Ferrovia 2000'') is a large-scale project of the Swiss Federal Railways (SFR) established in 1987 to improve the quality of the Rail transport in Switzerland, Swiss rail network for the New millennium. It includes measures to accelerate a number of existing connections and the modernisation of rolling stock. The government of Switzerland, federal government decision to support the project in 1986 was approved by a referendum in 1987. In 2004 the first phase was completed consisting of around 130 projects with a budget of around Swiss franc, CHF 5.9 billion. History Background After years of heavy investment in roads in the postwar years, the share of rail in the total passenger market in Switzerland had been significantly reduced by the end of the 1960s. At this time SFR decided that changes were necessary to increase rail patronage. More trains were operated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sud Express
''Sud Express'' (also called ''Surexpreso'' and ''Sud Expresso'' ) is an overnight passenger train connecting Lisbon with Hendaye, a French commune on the Franco-Spanish border. The original service, operated by the Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, ran to Calais via Madrid and Paris. The service was suspended in March 2020 due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and has not been resumed since. History The inaugural trip of the Sud Express took place on 21 October 1887 connecting Lisbon via Madrid to Paris in 45 hours and services were extended on 4 November 1887 to Calais. Initially the service was weekly, but in 1888 was run twice weekly and from London Charing Cross. Also in 1888 the British Royal Mail launched connecting package services from Lisbon to Rio de la Plata and Brazil. The service frequency increased further and on 1 January 1907 started to run daily. It was suspended between 11 December 1937 and 1 August 1939 due to the Spanish Civil War. It w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CP Porto
The ''CP Urban Services'' network is the commuter train network of Metropolitan Lisbon and Metropolitan Porto, Portugal. It is a Comboios de Portugal company. It connects the city centers with the suburbs. Metropolitan Lisbon Network The system is complemented in Lisbon by the Lisbon Metro and an extensive bus network. It comprises four lines which served 103 million passengers in 2019. * Azambuja line: connects Azambuja and Castanheira do Ribatejo to Alcântara-Terra and Santa Apolónia * Cascais line: connects Cascais to Cais do Sodré * Sado line: connects Barreiro to Praias do Sado * Sintra line: connects Sintra and Mira-Sintra- Meleças to Rossio, Alverca and Oriente Although the Cintura line connects the Azambuja line (at Braço de Prata) to the Cascais line (at Alcântara-Mar), the stretch between Alcântara-Terra and Alcântara-Mar is only used for freight services, and passengers transferring between both stations have to do so on foot. Nowadays, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CP Lisboa
The ''CP Urban Services'' network is the commuter train network of Metropolitan Lisbon and Metropolitan Porto, Portugal. It is a Comboios de Portugal company. It connects the city centers with the suburbs. Metropolitan Lisbon Network The system is complemented in Lisbon by the Lisbon Metro and an extensive bus network. It comprises four lines which served 103 million passengers in 2019. * Azambuja line: connects Azambuja and Castanheira do Ribatejo to Alcântara-Terra and Santa Apolónia * Cascais line: connects Cascais to Cais do Sodré * Sado line: connects Barreiro to Praias do Sado * Sintra line: connects Sintra and Mira-Sintra- Meleças to Rossio, Alverca and Oriente Although the Cintura line connects the Azambuja line (at Braço de Prata) to the Cascais line (at Alcântara-Mar), the stretch between Alcântara-Terra and Alcântara-Mar is only used for freight services, and passengers transferring between both stations have to do so on foot. Nowadays, the s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CP Urban Services
The ''CP Urban Services'' network is the commuter train network of Metropolitan Lisbon and Metropolitan Porto, Portugal. It is a Comboios de Portugal company. It connects the city centers with the suburbs. Metropolitan Lisbon Network The system is complemented in Lisbon by the Lisbon Metro and an extensive bus network. It comprises four lines which served 103 million passengers in 2019. * Azambuja line: connects Azambuja and Castanheira do Ribatejo to Alcântara-Terra and Santa Apolónia * Cascais line: connects Cascais to Cais do Sodré * Sado line: connects Barreiro to Praias do Sado * Sintra line: connects Sintra and Mira-Sintra- Meleças to Rossio, Alverca and Oriente Although the Cintura line connects the Azambuja line (at Braço de Prata) to the Cascais line (at Alcântara-Mar), the stretch between Alcântara-Terra and Alcântara-Mar is only used for freight services, and passengers transferring between both stations have to do so on foot. Nowadays, the servi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metre Gauge
Metre-gauge railways are narrow-gauge railways with track gauge of or 1 metre. The metre gauge is used in around of tracks around the world. It was used by European colonial powers, such as the French, British and German Empires. In Europe, large metre-gauge networks remain in use in Switzerland, Spain and many European towns with urban trams, but most metre-gauge local railways in France, Germany and Belgium closed down in the mid-20th century, although many still remain. With the revival of urban rail transport, metre-gauge light metros were established in some cities, and in other cities, metre gauge was replaced by standard gauge. The slightly-wider gauge is used in Sofia. Examples of metre-gauge See also * Italian metre gauge * Narrow-gauge railways A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than standard . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Narrow Gauge Railway
A narrow-gauge railway (narrow-gauge railroad in the US) is a railway with a track gauge narrower than standard . Most narrow-gauge railways are between and . Since narrow-gauge railways are usually built with tighter curves, smaller structure gauges, and lighter rails, they can be less costly to build, equip, and operate than standard- or broad-gauge railways (particularly in mountainous or difficult terrain). Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often used in mountainous terrain, where engineering savings can be substantial. Lower-cost narrow-gauge railways are often built to serve industries as well as sparsely populated communities where the traffic potential would not justify the cost of a standard- or broad-gauge line. Narrow-gauge railways have specialised use in mines and other environments where a small structure gauge necessitates a small loading gauge. In some countries, narrow gauge is the standard; Japan, Indonesia, Taiwan, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Aust ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Direct Current
Direct current (DC) is one-directional flow of electric charge. An electrochemical cell is a prime example of DC power. Direct current may flow through a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams. The electric current flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from alternating current (AC). A term formerly used for this type of current was galvanic current. The abbreviations ''AC'' and ''DC'' are often used to mean simply ''alternating'' and ''direct'', as when they modify ''current'' or ''voltage''. Direct current may be converted from an alternating current supply by use of a rectifier, which contains electronic elements (usually) or electromechanical elements (historically) that allow current to flow only in one direction. Direct current may be converted into alternating current via an inverter. Direct current has many uses, from the charging of batteries to large power sup ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
25 KV AC Railway Electrification
Railway electrification systems using alternating current (AC) at are used worldwide, especially for high-speed rail. It is usually supplied at the standard utility frequency (typically 50 or 60Hz), which simplifies traction substations. The development of 25kV AC electrification is closely connected with that of successfully using utility frequency. This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s. One of the reasons why it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance distances required where it ran under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iberian Gauge
Iberian gauge ( es, ancho ibérico, trocha ibérica, pt, bitola ibérica) is a track gauge of , most extensively used by the railways of Spain and Portugal. This is the second-widest gauge in regular use anywhere in the world. The Indian gauge, , is wider. As finally established in 1955, the Iberian gauge is a compromise between the similar, but slightly different, gauges adopted as respective national standards in Spain and Portugal in the mid-19th century. The main railway networks of Spain were initially constructed to a gauge of six Castilian feet. Those of Portugal were instead built to a and later railways to a gauge of five Portuguese feet – close enough to allow interoperability with Spanish railways. Standard gauge Since the beginning of the 1990s new high-speed passenger lines in Spain have been built to the international standard gauge of , to allow these lines to link to the European high-speed network. Although the 22 km from Tardienta to Huesca (par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infraestruturas De Portugal
Infraestruturas de Portugal, S.A. (IP) is a state-owned company which resulted from the merger of Rede Ferroviária Nacional (REFER) and Estradas de Portugal (EP). It manages the Portuguese rail and road infrastructure. Network Road Total length, as of January 2019: 15.253 km Main roads and motorways: * Valença International Bridge, ( IP1 variante de Valença) * IC28 (Ponte de Lima-Ponte da Barca) * VCI/IC23 (Via de Cintura Interna do Porto) with the Arrábida and Freixo bridges and ( A20) access * EN1/IC2 (Porto-Lisboa) * Variante de Vilar Formoso (IP5) * IP3 (Coimbra-Viseu) * IC6 (IP3-Tábua) * IC12 (Santa Comba Dão-Canas de Senhorim) * A23 (section Torres Novas-Abrantes) * IP6 no Alto Alentejo (Fratel-Estremoz) * IP6 (Peniche-Óbidos) * IC13 (Portalegre-Alter do Chão) * Salgueiro Maia Cridge e acessos ( IC10) * Eixo Norte-Sul * IC16 (Radial da Pontinha) * CRIL/IC17 (Circular Regional Interna de Lisboa) * IC19 (Radial de Sintra) * IC22 (Radial de Od ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
