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Closterovirus
''Closterovirus'', also known as beet yellows viral group, is a genus of viruses, in the family ''Closteroviridae''. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are 17 species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem. This genus has a probably worldwide distribution and includes among other viral species the ''Beet yellows virus'' (the type species) and ''Citrus tristeza virus'', rather economically important plant diseases. At least some species require vectors such as aphids or mealybugs for their transmission from plant to plant. Taxonomy The following species are assigned to the genus: * '' Arracacha virus 1'' * '' Beet yellow stunt virus'' * ''Beet yellows virus'' * '' Blackcurrant closterovirus 1'' * '' Burdock yellows virus'' * ''Carnation necrotic fleck virus'' * '' Carrot closterovirus 1'' * '' Carrot yellow leaf virus'' * ''Citrus tristeza virus'' * ''Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2'' * '' Min ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carrot Yellow Leaf Virus
Summary Host The carrot yellow-leaf virus (CYLV) infects carrots, particularly the carrot root cells. There are viruses that are similar to CYLV which affect hogweed and beet roots as well.Adams, I. P., Skelton, A., Macarthur, R., Hodges, T., Hinds, H., Flint, L., Nath, P. D., Boonham, N., & Fox, A. (2014). Carrot yellow leaf virus is associated with carrot internal necrosis. PLOS ONE, 9(11), 1-10. Major patterns of infection There have been sporadic plague (disease), plagues of CYLV occurring in many countries across the world, most notably the United Kingdom, Germany, and Japan. Aphids are the main form of transmission. These insects spread the virus from one carrot patch to another. Once the virus infects the carrot, necrosis starts in the roots. Historical perspectives Discovery The carrot yellow-leaf virus was first isolated in Japanese carrots that had yellowing leaves. Using electron microscopy, the virus particle was found to be 1.6006 X 1012 nm long with a 3.7-nm helic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closteroviridae
''Closteroviridae'' is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four genera and 59 species in this family, seven of which are unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this family include: yellowing and necrosis, particularly affecting the phloem. Taxonomy Genome type and transmission vector are two of the most important traits used for classification. Ampeloviruses and Closteroviruses have monopartite genomes and are transmitted by pseudococcid mealybugs (and soft scale insects) and aphids respectively. While Criniviruses are bipartite and transmitted by whiteflies Whiteflies are Hemipterans that typically feed on the undersides of plant leaves. They comprise the family Aleyrodidae, the only family in the superfamily Aleyrodoidea. More than 1550 species have been described. Description and taxonomy The .... Genera: * '' Ampelovirus'' * '' Closterovirus'' * '' Crinivirus'' * '' Velarivirus'' Unassigned species: * '' Actinidia virus 1'' * ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Citrus Tristeza Virus
Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is a viral species of the genus ''Closterovirus'' that causes the most economically damaging disease to its namesake plant genus, ''Citrus''. The disease has led to the death of millions of ''Citrus'' trees all over the world and has rendered millions of others useless for production. Farmers in Brazil and other South American countries gave it the name "tristeza", meaning sadness in Portuguese and Spanish, referring to the devastation produced by the disease in the 1930s. The virus is transmitted most efficiently by the brown citrus aphid. The pathogen CTV is a flexuous rod virus with dimensions of 2000 nm long and 12 nm in diameter. The CTV genome is typically between 19.2 and 19.3 kb long and consists of a single strand of (+)-sense RNA enclosed by two types of capsid proteins. The size of its genome makes CTV one of the largest RNA viruses known. The CTV genome contains 12 open reading frames, which could encode at least 17 proteins.U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grapevine Leafroll-associated Virus 2
Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (GRLaV2) is a virus infecting grapevine in the genus '' Closterovirus''. It is associated with rugose wood condition of grapevine.According to Bosciai, 1995, ''grapevine corky bark-associated virus'' (GCBaV) is a variant of GRLaV2. See also * List of viruses This is an index of lists of virus taxa. By taxonomic rank * List of higher virus taxa, i.e. all taxa above the rank of family * List of virus families and subfamilies * List of virus genera :''This is a list of genera of biological viruses. See ... References External links uniprot.org/taxonomy Closteroviridae Viral grape diseases {{Virus-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Beet Yellows Virus
Beet yellows virus (BYV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family '' Closteroviridae''. Beet yellows virus is transmitted by multiple species of aphid and causes a yellowing disease in ''Beta vulgaris'' and ''Spinacia oleracea Spinach (''Spinacia oleracea'') is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fre ...''. See also * '' Beet pseudoyellows virus'' References External links * ICTVdB - The Universal Virus Database: Beet yellows virus Viral plant pathogens and diseases Closteroviridae {{Virus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wheat Yellow Leaf Virus
Wheat yellow leaf virus (WYLV) is a wheat (''Triticum'' spp. L.), barley (''Hordeum vulgare'' L.), rye (''Secale cereale'' M.Bieb.), and oat (''Avena sativa'' L.) pathogenic virus of the family ''Closteroviridae''. WYLV virions are 1600–1850 nm in length and 10 nm in diameter. The virus, like other members of its genus, is transmitted by aphids. Identified vectors include ''Rhopalosiphum padi'' L. and '' R. maidis'' Fitch. ( Aphididae). The virus has been identified in crop plants in Japan, China, and Italy. Native host plants include Italian ryegrass ('' Festuca perennis'' Lam.) in Europe and ''Agropyron tsukushiense'' var. ''transiens'' Ohwi in Japan. The virus proliferates in the phloem of its host plants, interfering with the plant's ability to produce sufficient chlorophyll Chlorophyll (also chlorophyl) is any of several related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Its name is derived from the Greek words , ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rose Leaf Rosette-associated Virus
''Rose leaf rosette-associated virus'' is a +ssRNA closterovirus which causes a unique, unusually dense and small rosette leaf habit on ''Rosa multiflora ''Rosa multiflora'' — ( syn. ''Rosa polyantha'') is a species of rose known commonly as multiflora rose, baby rose, Japanese rose, many-flowered rose, seven-sisters rose, Eijitsu rose and rambler rose. It is native to eastern Asia, in China, ...'' Thunb. branches. DNA analyses of rose samples have not previously found closteroviruses, and thus they were previously thought to be unable to infect all ''Rosa'', making RLRAV the first known. References External links * Closteroviridae Viral plant pathogens and diseases Rose diseases {{Virus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carnation Necrotic Fleck Virus
Carnation necrotic fleck virus (CNFV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family ''Closteroviridae ''Closteroviridae'' is a family of viruses. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are four genera and 59 species in this family, seven of which are unassigned to a genus. Diseases associated with this family include: yellowing and necrosis, parti ...''. External links Family Groups - The Baltimore Method Viral plant pathogens and diseases Closteroviridae {{Virus-plant-disease-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cis-reg
''Cis''-regulatory elements (CREs) or ''Cis''-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which gene regulation, regulate the transcription (genetics), transcription of neighboring genes. CREs are vital components of genetic regulatory networks, which in turn control morphogenesis, the development of anatomy, and other aspects of embryogenesis, embryonic development, studied in evolutionary developmental biology. CREs are found in the vicinity of the genes that they regulate. CREs typically regulate gene transcription by binding to transcription factors. A single transcription factor may bind to many CREs, and hence control the expression of many genes (pleiotropy). The Latin prefix ''cis'' means "on this side", i.e. on the same molecule of DNA as the gene(s) to be transcribed. CRMs are stretches of DNA, usually 100–1000 DNA base pairs in length, where a number of transcription factors can bind and regulation of gene expression, regulate expression of nearby genes an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raspberry Leaf Mottle Virus
The raspberry is the edible fruit of a multitude of plant species in the genus '' Rubus'' of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus '' Idaeobatus''. The name also applies to these plants themselves. Raspberries are perennial with woody stems. World production of raspberries in 2020 was 895,771 tonnes, led by Russia with 20% of the total. Description A raspberry is an aggregate fruit, developing from the numerous distinct carpels of a single flower. What distinguishes the raspberry from its blackberry relatives is whether or not the torus (receptacle or stem) "picks with" (i.e., stays with) the fruit. When picking a blackberry fruit, the torus stays with the fruit. With a raspberry, the torus remains on the plant, leaving a hollow core in the raspberry fruit. Raspberries are grown for the fresh fruit market and for commercial processing into individually quick frozen (IQF) fruit, purée, juice, or as dried fruit used in a variety of grocery products su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Committee On Taxonomy Of Viruses
The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) authorizes and organizes the taxonomic classification of and the nomenclatures for viruses. The ICTV has developed a universal taxonomic scheme for viruses, and thus has the means to appropriately describe, name, and classify every virus that affects living organisms. The members of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses are considered expert virologists. The ICTV was formed from and is governed by the Virology Division of the International Union of Microbiological Societies. Detailed work, such as delimiting the boundaries of species within a family, typically is performed by study groups of experts in the families. History The International Committee on Nomenclature of Viruses (ICNV) was established in 1966, at the International Congress for Microbiology in Moscow, to standardize the naming of viruses. The ICVN published its first report in 1971. For viruses infecting vertebrates, the first report included ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3'UTR
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′-UTR often contains regulatory regions that post-transcriptionally influence gene expression. During gene expression, an mRNA molecule is transcribed from the DNA sequence and is later translated into a protein. Several regions of the mRNA molecule are not translated into a protein including the 5' cap, 5' untranslated region, 3′ untranslated region and poly(A) tail. Regulatory regions within the 3′-untranslated region can influence polyadenylation, translation efficiency, localization, and stability of the mRNA. The 3′-UTR contains both binding sites for regulatory proteins as well as microRNAs (miRNAs). By binding to specific sites within the 3′-UTR, miRNAs can decrease gene expression of various mRNAs by either inhibiting translation or directly causing degradation of the transcript. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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