Cladonia Parasitica

	Cladonia Parasitica ''Cladonia parasitica'', commonly known as the fence-rail cladonia, fence-rail cup lichen or parasite club lichen, is a species of fruticose, cup lichen in the family Cladoniaceae. It was first described by Hoffmann in 1784 under the name ''Lichen parasiticus'', until he reclassified it under the genus Cladonia in 1795. Description ''Cladonia parasitica'' mainly grows on old oak and pine wood. The thallus is brown or grey. The squamules are minutely divided and look like coral or small scales. When apothecia are present they take the form of small brown morel-like protrusions atop the branches. The species is found in North America and Eurasia in the boreal, boreal-nemoral, and nemoral regions. Cladonia parasitica is considered a red-listed species in Sweden, categorized as (''Near Threatened''). It is used as a signal species, indicating high-value old-growth forest. Källén, 2015. https://stud.epsilon.slu.se/7931/7/kallen_i_150521.pdf Environmental variables det ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Cladonia ''Cladonia'' is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. ''Cladonia'' species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets in Russia. Antibiotic compounds are extracted from some species to create antibiotic cream. The light green species ''Cladonia stellaris'' is used in flower decorations. Although the phylogeny of the genus ''Cladonia'' is still under investigation, two main morphological groups are commonly differentiated by taxonomists: the ''Cladonia'' morpho-type and the ''Cladina'' morpho-type. The ''Cladonia'' morpho-type has many more species, and is generally described as a group of squamulose (grow from squamules), cup-bearing lichens. The ''Cladina'' morpho-types are often referred to as forage lichens, mat-forming lichens, or reindeer lichens (due to their importance as caribou winter forage). ''Cladonia perforata'' ("perforate cladonia") is o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nemoral In general ''nemoral'' means "pertaining to groves or woodland". Its origin is related to the Latin word "''nemus''" (stem: "''nemor-''"), meaning a grove of trees. It is especially used to label a type of biome (vegetation zone), which is in the temperate zone of Eurasia and has broad-leaved forests. According to the Walter classification system, it has a moderate temperate climate with short frost periods and is characterized by frost-resistant deciduous forest In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...s. References {{Reflist, refs= {{cite web , url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nemoral , archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618215008/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nemoral , url-status=dead , archive-date=June 18, 2022 , title=nemoral , work=Lexico.com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	List Of Cladonia Species ''Cladonia'' is a large genus of lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. , ''Species Fungorum'' lists 233 species in the genus. A '' Cladonia acervata'' '' Cladonia ahtii'' '' Cladonia alaskana'' '' Cladonia albofuscescens'' '' Cladonia albonigra'' '' Cladonia aleuropoda'' '' Cladonia alpina'' Yoshim. (1968) ''Cladonia amaurocraea'' '' Cladonia anaemica'' '' Cladonia andesita'' '' Cladonia angustata'' '' Cladonia appalachensis'' '' Cladonia apodocarpa'' ''Cladonia arbuscula'' '' Cladonia archeri'' '' Cladonia arcuata'' '' Cladonia argentea'' '' Cladonia asahinae'' '' Cladonia atlantica'' A.Evans (1944) '' Cladonia atrans'' '' Cladonia attacta'' '' Cladonia awasthiana'' B '' Cladonia bacillaris'' '' Cladonia bacilliformis'' '' Cladonia bahiana'' '' Cladonia bangii'' '' Cladonia bellidiflora'' '' Cladonia berghsonii'' '' Cladonia bimberiensis'' '' Cladonia borbonica'' '' Cladonia borealis'' '' Clad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Thamnolic Acid Thamnolic acid is a β-orcinol depside with the molecular formula C19H16O11. Thamnolic acid was first isolated from the lichen '' Thamnolia vermicularis'', but it also occur in ''Cladonia ''Cladonia'' is a genus of moss-like lichens in the family Cladoniaceae. They are the primary food source for reindeer/caribou. ''Cladonia'' species are of economic importance to reindeer-herders, such as the Sami in Scandinavia or the Nenets ...'' spezies. References Further reading * * * Lichen products Polyphenols Carboxylic acids Methoxy compounds {{organic-compound-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Barbatic Acid Barbatic acid is an organic compound that is made by some lichens. It is in the structural class known as depsides. It is particularly common in the genera ''Usnea'' (the beard lichens) and ''Cladonia''. History The compound was first isolated in 1880 from the lichen '' Usnea barbata'' by chemists John Stenhouse and Charles Groves. The compound coccellic acid, isolated from '' Cladonia coccifera'', was later shown to be the same compound as barbatic acid. Properties Biosynthetically, barbatic acid is made of two units of orsellinate derivatives that are created by an aromatic synthase enzyme. The repeated action of this enzyme produces an 8-carbon polyketide intermediate that is cyclized. Barbatic acid's IUPAC name is 2-hydroxy-4-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoyl)oxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoic acid. Its chemical formula is C19H20O7; it has a molecular mass of 360.36 grams per mole. In its purified crystalline form, it exists as various forms: small rhombic prisms, lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Old-growth Forest An old-growth forestalso termed primary forest, virgin forest, late seral forest, primeval forest, or first-growth forestis a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibits unique ecological features, and might be classified as a climax community. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations defines primary forests as naturally regenerated forests of native tree species where there are no clearly visible indications of human activity and the ecological processes are not significantly disturbed. More than one-third (34 percent) of the world's forests are primary forests. Old-growth features include diverse tree-related structures that provide diverse wildlife habitat that increases the biodiversity of the forested ecosystem. Virgin or first-growth forests are old-growth forests that have never been logged. The concept of diverse tree structure includes multi-layered canopies and canopy gaps, greatly varying tree height ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Near-threatened Species A near-threatened species is a species which has been categorized as "Near Threatened" (NT) by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as that may be vulnerable to endangerment in the near future, but it does not currently qualify for the threatened status. The IUCN notes the importance of re-evaluating near-threatened taxon at appropriate intervals. The rationale used for near-threatened taxa usually includes the criteria of vulnerable which are plausible or nearly met, such as reduction in numbers or range. Near-threatened species evaluated from 2001 onwards may also be ones which are dependent on conservation efforts to prevent their becoming threatened, whereas before this conservation-dependent species were given a separate category ("Conservation Dependent"). Additionally, the 402 conservation-dependent taxa may also be considered near-threatened. IUCN Categories and Criteria version 2.3 Before 2001, the IUCN used the version 2.3 Categories and Criteri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Fruticose A fruticose lichen is a form of lichen fungi that is characterized by a coral-like shrubby or bushy growth structure. It is formed from a symbiotic relationship of a photobiont such as green algae or less commonly cyanobacteria and one, two or more mycobionts. Fruticose lichens are not a monophyletic and holophyletic lineage, but is a form encountered in many classes. Fruticose lichens have a complex vegetation structure, and are characterized by an ascending, bushy or pendulous appearance. As with other lichens, many fruticose lichens can endure high degrees of desiccation. They grow slowly and often occur in habitats such as on tree barks, on rock surfaces and on soils in the Arctic and mountain regions. Characteristics Fruticose lichens are lichens composed of a shrubby or bushy thallus and a holdfast. The thallus is the vegetative body of a lichen that does not have true leaves, stems, or roots. The thallus colour is affected by the algae in the lichen, compounds created by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
picture info	Boreal Climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50° to 70°N, poleward of the humid continental climates. Subarctic or boreal climates are the source regions for the cold air that affects temperate latitudes to the south in winter. These climates represent Köppen climate classification ''Dfc'', ''Dwc'', ''Dsc'', ''Dfd'', ''Dwd'' and ''Dsd''. Description This type of climate offers some of the most extreme seasonal temperature variations found on the planet: in winter, temperatures can drop to below and in summer, the temperature may exceed . However, the summers are short; no more than three months of the year (but at least one month) must have a 24-hour average temperature of at least to fall into this category of climate, and the coldest month should ave ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]