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Circassian Parliament
The Circassian Parliament or the Circassian Majlis (; also called the Parliament of Independence; ) was the legislature of Circassia officialized in 1861 after a meeting in Sochi attended by leaders of several Circassian provinces.Трагические последствия Кавказской войны для адыгов (вторая половина XIX – начало XX в.). – Нальчик., 2000. A tribal confederation had existed before the parliament's establishment, but a centralized government was achieved only after it was built. The parliament aimed to defend the western part of Circassia from Russian invasion, and to liberate the occupied Eastern Circassia from the Russian Empire during the Russian-Circassian War. It also sent delegates abroad to gain support for the Circassian struggle internationally.Фадеев А.В. Указ. соч. History Previous parliament The first western-type parliament in Circassia was called in 1820 with 300 people. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qerandiqo Berzeg
Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg (; ; ) was a Circassians, Circassian military commander who served as the List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation, 6th leader of the Circassia, Circassian Confederation from 1860 to 1864. Most of his life, including his late childhood, was spent in the Russo-Circassian War (1763-1864) fronts. He reportedly met his own son in the battlefield, where he lost two of his other sons. After the Circassian genocide, he was exiled to the Ottoman Empire, volunteered in the Ottoman army against Russia, and died there of old age. Biography Early life Not much is recorded about Berzeg's early life, as Circassians did not write down their history, and all knowledge comes from Russian sources. Qerandiqo Berzeg was born in the Mytykhuasua village of Sochi, Ş̂açə (Sochi). His father was Hatajuq Berzeg, and his uncle was Ismail Berzeg, the prince of Ubykhia. He spent his youth in Russo-Circassian War fronts. Being a pious Muslim, he went to Mecca for hajj in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the Swedish Empire, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Qajar Iran, the Ottoman Empire, and Qing China. It also held colonies in North America between 1799 and 1867. Covering an area of approximately , it remains the third-largest empire in history, surpassed only by the British Empire and the Mongol Empire; it ruled over a population of 125.6 million people per the 1897 Russian census, which was the only census carried out during the entire imperial period. Owing to its geographic extent across three continents at its peak, it featured great ethnic, linguistic, religious, and economic diversity. From the 10th–17th centuries, the land ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tsar
Tsar ( or ), also spelled ''czar'', ''tzar'', or ''csar'', is a title used by East Slavs, East and South Slavs, South Slavic monarchs. The term is derived from the Latin word ''Caesar (title), caesar'', which was intended to mean "emperor" in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a Roman emperor, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official (the Pope or the Ecumenical Patriarch)—but was usually considered by western Europeans to be equivalent to "king". It lends its name to a system of government, tsarist autocracy or tsarism. "Tsar" and its variants were the official titles of the following states: * Bulgarian Empire (First Bulgarian Empire in 681–1018, Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185–1396), and also used in Kingdom of Bulgaria, Tsardom of Bulgaria, in 1908–1946 * Serbian Empire, in 1346–1371 * Tsardom of Russia, in 1547–1721 (replaced in 1721 by ''imperator'' in Russian Empire, but still re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balkars
The Balkars ( krc, Малкъарлыла, Malqarlıla or Таулула, , 'Mountaineers') are a Turkic people of the Caucasus region, one of the titular populations of Kabardino-Balkaria. Their Karachay-Balkar language is of the Ponto-Caspian subgroup of the Northwestern ( Kipchak) group of Turkic languages. Identity The modern Balkars identify as a Turkic people, who share their language with the Karachays from Karachay-Cherkessia and have strong lingual similarities with Kumyks from Dagestan. Sometimes Balkars and Karachays are referred to as to a single ethnicity. History The ethnogenesis of the Balkars resulted, in part, from an invasion of Alania during the 11th century, by Kipchak Turks and their Cuman allies. Alania had its capital in Maghas, which some authors locate at Arkhyz, in the mountains currently inhabited by the Karachay-Balkar, while others place it in either what is now modern Ingushetia or North Ossetia. During the 14th century, Alania was destroy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karachays
The Karachays ( krc, Къарачайлыла, Qaraçaylıla or таулула, , 'Mountaineers') are an indigenous Caucasian Turkic ethnic group in the North Caucasus. They speak Karachay-Balkar, a Turkic language. They are mostly situated in the Karachay–Cherkess Republic, Russia's federal subject. History Karachays are among the most ancient ethnic groups of the Caucasus with research showing their connection to the pre-historic Koban culture. A recent genetic study states the following: "Balkars and Karachays belong to the Caucasian anthropological type. According to the results of craniology, somatology, odontology, and dermatoglyphics, the native (Caucasian) origin of the Balkars and Karachays and their kinship with the representatives of neighboring ethnic groups and a minor role of the Central Asian component in their ethnogenesis were concluded." Due to Karachays being a Turkic-speaking people, some theories argue that Karachays are classifiable as a Turkic peop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qbaada Last Stand
The Battle of Qbaada (; ; ) was a last stand battle in 1864 fought between the last remains of the Circassians and the Russian imperial forces during the Russo-Circassian War The Russo-Circassian War ( ady, Урыс-адыгэ зауэ, translit=Wurıs-adığə zawə; ; 1763–1864; also known as the Russian Invasion of Circassia) was the invasion of Circassia by Russia, starting in July 17, 1763 ( O.S) with the Ru ....Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", ''Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi'', Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33 It is widely accepted as the last battle of the war as no other significant battle, other than minor rebellions, occurred.Weismann, ''Ein Blick auf die Circassianer'' History The battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horseme ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abazins
The Abazin, Abazinians or Abaza (Abaza language, Abaza and Abkhaz language, Abkhaz: Абаза; Circassian language, Circassian: Абазэхэр; russian: Абазины; tr, Abazalar; ar, أباظة), are an ethnic group of the Caucasus, Northwest Caucasus, closely related to the Abkhaz people, Abkhaz and Circassians, Circassian people. They live mostly in Turkey, Egypt and in Karachay-Cherkessia and Stavropol Krai in the North Caucasus region of Russia. The Tapanta (:ru:Тапанта), a branch of the Abaza, lived between the Besleney and Kabardian princedoms on the upper Kuban. Abaza people speak the Abaza language, a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian language closely related to Abkhaz language, Abkhaz and Circassian language, Circassian. There are two dialects of Abaza spoken in Karachay-Cherkessia: ''Ashkharua'' and ''Tapanta''. The culture and traditions of the Abazin are similar to those of the Circassians. On many old maps Abazin territory is marked as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abkhazians
Abkhazians (russian: Абхазы), or Abkhazs ( ab, Аԥсуаа, Aṕswaа, ), are a Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian ethnic group, mainly living in Abkhazia, a disputed region on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea. A large Abkhaz diaspora population resides in Turkey, the origins of which lie in the population movements from the Caucasus in the late 19th century. Many Abkhaz also live in other parts of the former Soviet Union, particularly in Russia and Ukraine. Ethnology The Abkhaz language belongs to the isolate Northwest Caucasian languages, Northwest Caucasian language family, also known as Abkhaz–Adyghe or North Pontic family, which groups the dialectic continuum spoken by the Abazins, Abaza–Abkhaz (Abazgi) and Circassians, Adyghe ("Circassians" in English). Abkhazians are closely ethnically related to Circassians. Classical sources speak of several tribes dwelling in the region, but their exact identity and location remain controversial due ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chemirgoys
Temirgoy or Chemirgoy or Kemgui ( ady, КIэмгуй, '; or , '; or , '; russian: Темиргоевцы, ') are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They lived between the lower flows of the Belaya and Laba Rivers and their lands extended north to the Kuban. After the end of the Caucasian War, most Temirgoys resettled in other Circassian villages ( Bzhedugii, Kabarda, Urupskiy (Schhaschefyzh) current Assumption district of Krasnodar region), as well as in Turkey and the Middle East. In Turkey many of the population of the village Hadzhimukohabl (now village Dondukovskaya ), are Temirgoy. They live mainly in Adygea and present diaspora. The Temirgoy dialect of Adyghe ( ady, КIэмыргъуэйбзэ, '), and the Bzhedug dialect of Adyghe are the main languages of the Circassians in the Republic of Adygea. History The Temirgoys were one of the strongest and most powerful Circassian tribes. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bzhedugs
Bjedugh, Bzhedug or Bazdug ( ady, Бжъэдыгъу, ''Bjzədıuğ'', ; russian: Бжедуги, ) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes. Many of them immigrated to Turkey in the 1860s, but there is still a community of Bzhedug on the left bank of the Kuban River (in the vicinity of Krasnodar).Rywkin & Wixman, p. 34 The Bzhedug people live in Adygea and Krasnodar Krai, and are well represented in the Adyghe (Circassian) diaspora in all countries of residence. Even in ancient times the Bzhedug people were divided into four tribes. History The Bzhedugs originally lived in the area of Shahe River, between Tuapse and Sochi. Later they divided in two groups: those who lived close to the Black Sea (Abhiaskis) and Adygeans (territory of Kuban River). This migration was causes by overpopulation and warlike neighbors to their Black Sea's territories. Bzhedug were subdivided into Chechenay tribe ( Psekups River and Pshish River) and the Hamish tribe (Afips River and Psekups River) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abzakhs
The Abzakh ( Circassian: Абдзэх, ''Abdzekh''; Russian: абадзехи; also known as Abdzakhs or Abadzekhs) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. Historically, they lived in the mountainous part of the modern Russian republics of Adygea and Krasnodar Krai. Major settlements or villages were located in the river valleys Kurdzhips, Psheha, Pshish, and Psekups. However, today the vast majority of them live in diaspora in Turkey — about 500,000 people, which are the descendants of those expelled from their homeland as a result of the Russian–Circassian War. After Kabardians, the Abzakh are the second-largest Adyghe tribe in Turkey, other diaspora countries, and in the world in general. They are also the second-largest Adyghe tribe in Israel (after Shapsugs), largest in Jordan, and the sixth-largest in Russia. The Abzakhs are not to be confused with the Abkhazians or the Abaza, yet ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatuqwai
The Hatuqway ( ady, Хьатыкъуай, translit=Hatıqway; tr, Hatukay; ar, حتوقاي, links=, translit=Hatuqway; ; russian: Хатукай, translit=Khatukai) are one of the twelve major Circassian tribes, representing one of the twelve stars on the green-and-gold Circassian flag. They were known for their art of war as a warrior tribe. After the Russo-Circassian War, their presence in the Caucasus was destroyed during the Circassian genocide, and their number was significantly decreased and today they exist only in small communities in various diasporas, and their names are not mentioned anymore in Circassian dialectology. History and etymology History The Hatuqway were a western Circassian tribal princedom whose homeland lay along the banks of the Kuban River. The Hatuqway people lived mostly in the mountains between the lower valleys of the Pshish River and the Belaya River. Due to their small size and closeness to Temirgoy tribe, they were considered as one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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