Chōshū Five
The were members of the Chōshū han of western Japan who travelled to England in 1863 to study at University College London. The five students were the first of many successive groups of Japanese students who travelled overseas in the late Bakumatsu and early Meiji eras. All five students later rose to prominent positions in Japanese political and civil life. Background and participants The Chōshū han, based what is now known as Yamaguchi Prefecture, was eager to acquire better knowledge of the western nations and gain access to military technology in order to strengthen the domain in its struggle to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. The decision by Chōshū han elders to sponsor five promising students to study overseas came in the midst of growing domestic political tensions and in the wake of reports from the First Japanese Embassy to Europe that had returned in January 1863. Notably, two of the students chosen, Ito Shunsuke and Inoue Monta, were students of the intelle ...
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Sakoku
was the Isolationism, isolationist Foreign policy of Japan, foreign policy of the Japanese Tokugawa shogunate under which, for a period of 265 years during the Edo period (from 1603 to 1868), relations and trade between Japan and other countries were severely limited, and nearly all foreign nationals were banned from entering Japan, while common Japanese people were kept from leaving the country. The policy was enacted by the shogunate government (or ) under Tokugawa Iemitsu through a number of edicts and policies from 1633 to 1639, and ended after 1853 when the Perry Expedition commanded by Matthew C. Perry forced the opening of Japan to American (and, by extension, Western) trade through a series of Unequal treaty#Japan, treaties, called the Convention of Kanagawa. It was preceded by a period of largely unrestricted trade and widespread piracy. Japanese mariners and merchants traveled Asia, sometimes forming communities in certain cities, while official embassies and envoy ...
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Inoue Masaru
Masaru Inoue may refer to: * Masaru Inoue (astronomer), an astronomer * Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat) Viscount was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the "father of the Japanese railways". Biography He was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura ...

Inoue Masaru (bureaucrat)
Viscount was the first Director of Railways in Japan and is known as the "father of the Japanese railways". Biography He was born into the Chōshū clan at Hagi, Yamaguchi, the son of Katsuyuki Inoue. He was briefly adopted into the Nomura family and became known as Nomura Yakichi, though he was later restored to the Inoue family. Masaru Inoue was brought up as the son of a samurai belonging to the Chōshū fief. At 15, he entered the Nagasaki Naval Academy established by the Tokugawa shogunate under the direction of a Dutch naval officer. In 1863, Inoue and four friends from the Chōshū clan stowed away on a vessel to the United Kingdom. He studied civil engineering and mining at University College London and returned to Japan in 1868. After working for the government as a technical officer supervising the mining industry, he was appointed Director of the Railway Board in 1871. Inoue played a leading role in Japan's railway planning and construction, including the construc ...
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Endo Kinsuke
Endo may refer to: * Endo or stoppie, a motorcycle and bicycle trick in which the back wheel is lifted by abruptly applying the front brake * Endo people, an ethnic group in Kenya **Endo language, the native language of the Endo people * Endo (band), a nu-metal band * Endō, a Japanese surname * Endō Shōta, a Japanese professional Sumo wrestler * Endo International, a company specializing in drugs for pain management * ''Ex parte Endo'', a 1944 United States Supreme Court decision * Endodontics, field of dentistry * Endo contractualization, a term for short-term employment in the Philippines. As a prefix Endo, a prefix from Greek ἔνδον ''endon'' meaning "within, inner, absorbing, or containing" * Endoscope, an implement used in minimally invasive surgery * Endometriosis, a disease that relates to a person's internal organs * Endogamy, the practice of marrying within a specific ethnic group, class, or social group * ''Endo-exo'' isomerism, in chemistry, a specific ster ...
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Endō Kinsuke
was a Japanese statesman in the early Meiji period. Endō was born to a ''samurai'' family in Hagi, Chōshū Domain (present-day Yamaguchi Prefecture. He was selected by the domain to be a member of the Chōshū Five who were smuggled out of Japan in defiance of the Tokugawa bakufu's policy of national seclusion to Great Britain in 1863. Chōshū was desperate to acquire better knowledge of the western nations in order to strengthen the domain in its struggle to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Endō returned from England in 1866, just before the start of the Boshin War. When Sir Harry Parkes, the British minister in Japan between 1865 and 1883, visited Chōshū in 1866, Endō served as an interpreter, together with Inoue Kaoru, another member of the Chōshū Five. After the Meiji Restoration and the establishment of the new Meiji government, Endō served as the head of the new in Osaka, from 1881-1883. He is remembered less for his efforts in establishing a unified nation ...
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Yamao Yōzō
Viscount was a Japanese samurai of the late Edo period who became an influential member of the Meiji era government of Japan. Early life Yamao was born in Aio-Futajima, a village in Chōshū domain (present day Yamaguchi prefecture), and received a traditional training as a Samurai. He was eager to learn science, and entered the Egawa School in Edo, then continued studying under Takeda Hishisaburo, a samurai engineer at Hakodate. In the end of 1862, he joined extremist group of Chōshū domain, and set fire to newly completed British Legation building on Gotenyama. Five of the young Choshu samurais, so called Chōshū Five soon left Japan for London from Nagasaki to study western knowledge in 1863 with help of Thomas Blake Glover. Studies and training in Britain Before being able to study at the University College London, the members of the Choshu Five studied English for a year. Two of his colleagues Itō Hirobumi and Inoue Kaoru returned to Japan to try and stop Chōshū d ...
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Kaoru Inoue 4
Kaoru is a Japanese given name for males or females. Name Meanings The name's meaning varies depending on its written form: *薫/郁/芳 — "fragrance", common for both males and females *馨/香 — "fragrance", more common for females *かおる —　purely phonetic form in hiragana; no inherent meaning *かをる — same as above, using を as an archaic substitute for お *カオル — phonetic form in katakana As a distinctly unisex name, its usage in popular culture has risen in recent years to give the named character an air of androgyny. Such characters commonly have overt androgynous qualities as well. A similar name, in terms of both pronunciation and meaning, is Kaori. It is used exclusively for females. People *Kaoru 薫 (m) (one of the guitarists of Dir En Grey) *Kaoru Abe 阿部薫 (m) (free Jazz saxophonist) *, Japanese film director, producer and editor *Kaoru Fujino かほる (voice actor) *, Japanese speed skater * Kaoru Hasuike 薫 (m ...
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Itō Hirobumi
was a Japanese politician and statesman who served as the first Prime Minister of Japan. He was also a leading member of the ''genrō'', a group of senior statesmen that dictated Japanese policy during the Meiji era. A London-educated samurai of the Chōshū Domain and a central figure in the Meiji Restoration, Itō Hirobumi chaired the bureau which drafted the Constitution for the newly formed Empire of Japan. Looking to the West for inspiration, Itō rejected the United States Constitution as too liberal and the Spanish Restoration as too despotic. Instead, he drew on British and German models, particularly the Prussian Constitution of 1850. Dissatisfied with Christianity's pervasiveness in European legal precedent, he replaced such religious references with those rooted in the more traditionally Japanese concept of a ''kokutai'' or "national polity" which hence became the constitutional justification for imperial authority. During the 1880s, Itō emerged as the most p ...
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