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Chu Space
Chu spaces generalize the notion of topological space by dropping the requirements that the set of open sets be closed under union and finite intersection, that the open sets be extensional, and that the membership predicate (of points in open sets) be two-valued. The definition of continuous function remains unchanged other than having to be worded carefully to continue to make sense after these generalizations. The name is due to Po-Hsiang Chu, who originally constructed a verification of autonomous categories as a graduate student under the direction of Michael Barr in 1979. Definition Understood statically, a Chu space (''A'', ''r'', ''X'') over a set ''K'' consists of a set ''A'' of points, a set ''X'' of states, and a function ''r'' : ''A'' × ''X'' → ''K''. This makes it an ''A'' × ''X'' matrix with entries drawn from ''K'', or equivalently a ''K''-valued binary relation between ''A'' and ''X'' (ordinary binary relations being 2-valued). Understood dynamically, Chu spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Topological Space
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance. More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set of neighbourhoods for each point that satisfy some axioms formalizing the concept of closeness. There are several equivalent definitions of a topology, the most commonly used of which is the definition through open sets, which is easier than the others to manipulate. A topological space is the most general type of a mathematical space that allows for the definition of limits, continuity, and connectedness. Common types of topological spaces include Euclidean spaces, metric spaces and manifolds. Although very general, the concept of topological spaces is fundamental, and used in virtually every branch of modern mathematics. The study of topological spac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dialectica Space
Dialectica spaces are a categorical way of constructing models of linear logic. They were introduced by Valeria de Paiva, Martin Hyland's student, in her doctoral thesis, as a way of modeling both linear logic and Gödel's Dialectica interpretation—hence the name. Given a category ''C'' and a specific object ''K'' of ''C'' with certain (logical) properties, one can construct the category of Dialectica spaces over ''C'', whose objects are pairs of objects of ''C'', related by a ''C''-morphism into ''K''. Morphisms of Dialectica spaces are similar to Chu space morphisms, but instead of an equality condition, they have an inequality condition, which is read as a logical implication Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic, which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically ''follows from'' one or more statements. A valid logical argument is one ...: the first object implies the second. Refe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North-Holland Publishing Company
Elsevier () is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content. Its products include journals such as ''The Lancet'', ''Cell'', the ScienceDirect collection of electronic journals, '' Trends'', the '' Current Opinion'' series, the online citation database Scopus, the SciVal tool for measuring research performance, the ClinicalKey search engine for clinicians, and the ClinicalPath evidence-based cancer care service. Elsevier's products and services also include digital tools for data management, instruction, research analytics and assessment. Elsevier is part of the RELX Group (known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier), a publicly traded company. According to RELX reports, in 2021 Elsevier published more than 600,000 articles annually in over 2,700 journals; as of 2018 its archives contained over 17 million documents and 40,000 e-books, with over one billion annual downloads. Researchers have criticized Elsevier for its high profit margin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
