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Central West New Guinea Languages
The Central West New Guinea languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies. Languages The languages are as follows: * Awyu–Ok **Digul River (Greater Awyu) ** Kamula–Elevala ** Ok * Momuna–Mek ** Mek ** Momuna (Somahai) Voorhoeve (1975) noted a connection between Somahai and the Ok and Dumut languages, but did not consider Mek. (See Central and South New Guinea languages.) The Oksapmin language Oksapmin is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Oksapmin Rural LLG, Telefomin District, Sandaun, Papua New Guinea. The two principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutual intelligibility. Oksapmin has dyadic kin ... is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both). Proto-Anim is reconstructed with similar pronou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu Hiri Motu, also known as Police Motu, Pidgin Motu, or just Hiri, is a language of Papua New Guinea, which is spoken in surrounding areas of Port Moresby (Capital of Papua New Guinea). It is a simplified version of Motu, from the Austronesian l ...: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the List of islands by area, world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Mainland Australia, Australia by the wide Torres Strait, though both landmasses lie on the same continental shelf. Numerous smaller islands are located to the west and east. The eastern half of the island is the major land mass of the independent state of Papua New Guinea. The western half, known as Western New Guinea, forms a part of Indonesia and is organized as the provinces of Papua (province), Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua (province), West ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trans–New Guinea Languages
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia. Trans–New Guinea is the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been three main proposals as to its internal classification. History of the proposal Although Papuan languages for the most part are poorly documented, several of the branches of Trans–New Guinea have been recognized for some time. The Eleman languages were first proposed by S. Ray in 1907, parts of Marind were recognized by Ray and JHP Murray in 1918, and the Rai Coast languages in 1919, again by Ray. The precursor of the Trans–New Guinea family was Stephen Wurm's 1960 proposal of an East New Guinea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awyu–Ok Languages
The Awyu–Ok languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies. Languages The three language families in Awyu–Ok are as follows: *Digul River (Greater Awyu) * Kamula–Elevala * Ok The Oksapmin language is sometimes classified as the nearest relative of Ok. However, it's unclear whether the similarities are due to relationship or to contact between Oksapmin and Mountain Ok (or both). Reconstruction Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant inventory as follows: : Pronouns Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as: : The third-person pronouns are an innovation shared with the neighboring branch of Trans–New Guinea, Anim Anim or ANIM may refer to: Places *A city in the mountains of Judah, now el-Ghuwein, near Eshtemoh, about 10 miles south-west of Hebron *An alternative spelling for the biblical city of Anem, now Jenin * Anim synagogue, a synagogue in Israel . ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Momuna–Mek Languages
The Momuna–Mek languages are a group of Trans–New Guinea families in central New Guinea established by Timothy Usher, though with precedents in earlier studies. Languages The languages of Momuna–Mek are the Mek language family and the Momuna (Somahai) language. Reconstruction Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as follows: : : : Only a few of the pronouns have been reconstructed: : References Central West New Guinea languages {{Lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Digul River Languages
The Greater Awyu or Digul River languages, known in earlier classifications with more limited scope as Awyu–Dumut (Awyu–Ndumut), are a family of perhaps a dozen Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in eastern West Papua in the region of the Digul River. Six of the languages are sufficiently attested for a basic description; it is not clear how many of the additional names (in parentheses below) may be separate languages. History The Awyu (pronounced like English ''Ow you'') and Awyu–Dumut families were identified by Peter Drabbe in the 1950s. Voorhoeve included them in his proposed Central and South New Guinea group. As part of Central and South New Guinea, they form part of the original proposal for Trans–New Guinea. Classification The classification below is based on Usher and de Vries et al. (2012), who used morphological innovations to determine relatedness, which can be obscured by lexical loanwords. * Sawi (Sawuy) *Awyu–Dumut (Central Digul River) **Awyu lang ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kamula–Elevala Languages
The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the region of the Elevala River. Languages There are three languages, namely Aekyowm (Awin), Pare (Pa), and Kamula. They are not obviously related to each other, but Aekyowm and Pare are closer to each other than to Kamula. *Kamula *Awin–Pa (Elevala River) ** Aekyowm (Awin) **Pare (Pa) A more in-depth classification by Suter and Usher (2017) is as follows. ;Kamula-Elevala family *Kamula ,100 speakers in 2000*Elevala (= Awin-Pare) family ** Pa (= Pare, Ba, Debepare) ,500 speakers in 2000** Aekyom (= Awin, Akium) 1,100 speakers in 2000***Northeastern (= Aekyom-Skai) ***North Central ***Southeastern (= Aekyom-Pare) ***Western Classification Stephen Wurm (1975) added Awin and Pa to an expanded Central and South New Guinea branch of TNG, a position reversed by Ross (2005). The connection between Awin–Pa and Kamula was established by Suter & Usher. Reconstruction Phonology Us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ok Languages
The Ok languages are a family of about a dozen related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in a contiguous area of eastern Irian Jaya and western Papua New Guinea. The most numerous language is Ngalum, with some 20,000 speakers; the best known is probably Telefol. The Ok languages have dyadic kinship terms.The Oksapmin Kinship System , retrieved May 21, 2009. History of classification The Ok languages are clearly related. identified them as a family in 1962. He later noted connections with the and[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mek Languages
The Mek languages are a well established family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Mek, then called Goliath, was identified by M. Bromley in 1967. It was placed in TNG by Wurm (1975). Languages The Mek languages form three dialect chains (Heeschen 1998): * Eastern: Ketengban (including Okbap, Omban, Bime, Onya), Una (Goliath), Eipomek * Northern: Kosarek Yale–Nipsan, Nalca * Western: Korupun-Sela (including Dagi, Sisibna, Deibula) Proto-language Phonemes Usher (2020) reconstructs the consonant and vowel inventories as 'perhaps' as follows: : : : Pronouns Pronouns are: : The difference between the two 3pl forms is not known. 2pl and 3pl have parallels in Momuna /kun tun/. Basic vocabulary Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are: : Vocabulary comparison The following basic vocabulary words are from McElhanon & Vo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Momuna Language
Momuna (Momina), also known as Somahai (Somage, Sumohai), is a Papuan language spoken in the highlands of Papua province, Indonesia. Varieties Reimer notes two dialects, one on the Balim River and one on the Rekai. One of the differences is that when /u/ follows an /u/ or /o/ in the Balim dialect, it is /i/ in the Rekai dialect. Thus the ethnonym 'Momuna' is pronounced 'Momina' in Rekai dialect. Classification The Somahai pronouns, singular *na, *ka, *mo, are typical of Trans–New Guinea languages. They were placed in the Central and South New Guinea branch of that family by Wurm. Ross could not locate enough evidence to classify them. Usher found them to be closest to the Mek languages The Mek languages are a well established family of Papuan languages spoken by the Mek peoples. They form a branch of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and of Malcolm Ross (2005). Mek, then ..., in the Central West New Guinea, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Central And South New Guinea Languages
The Central and South New Guinea languages (CSNG) are a proposed family of Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG). They were part of Voorhoeve & McElhanon's original TNG proposal, but have been reduced in scope by half (nine families to four) in the classification of Malcolm Ross. According to Ross, it is not clear if the pronoun similarities between the four remaining branches of Central and South New Guinea are retentions for proto-TNG forms or shared innovations defining a single branch of TNG. Voorhoeve argues independently for an Awyu–Ok relationship, and Foley echoes that Asmat may be closest to Awyu and Ok of the TNG languages. Regardless, the four individual branches of reduced Central and South New Guinea are themselves clearly valid families. * Central and South New Guinea (Asmat–Ok) ** Asmat–Kamoro family recent expansion along the south coast** Greater Awyu family ** Mombum family ** Ok–Oksapmin family '' Ethnologue'' (2009) retains only Awyu–Dumut and O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oksapmin Language
Oksapmin is a Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Oksapmin Rural LLG, Telefomin District, Sandaun, Papua New Guinea. The two principal dialects are distinct enough to cause some problems with mutual intelligibility. Oksapmin has dyadic kinship termsThe Oksapmin Kinship System , retrieved May 21, 2009. and a body-part counting system that goes up to 27.. Classification Oksapmin has been influenced by the (the name "Oksapmin" is from Telefol), and the similarities with those languages were attributed to borrowing in the classifica ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Anim
The Anim or Fly River languages are a language family in south-central New Guinea established by Usher & Suter (2015).Timothy Usher and Edgar Suter (2015) "The Anim Languages of Southern New Guinea". ''Oceanic Linguistics'' 54:110–142 The names of the family derive from the Fly River and from the Proto-Anim word *anim 'people'. Languages The 17 Anim languages belong to the following four subfamilies: * Inland Gulf * Tirio (Lower Fly River) * Boazi (Lake Murray) * Marind (Marind–Yaqai) The moribund Abom language, previously considered a member of the Tirio family, is of uncertain classification, possibly Trans–New Guinea, but does not appear to be Anim. The extinct Karami language Karami is an extinct and unclassified Papuan language of southern Papua New Guinea. It is attested from only a short word list, which include many loans from Foia Foia.Usher, TimothyInland Gulf family ''New Guinea World''. Locations According t ..., attested only in a short word list and pre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
