|
Candidatus Arthromitus
''Candidatus'' Arthromitus is a group of morphologically distinct filamentous bacteria found almost exclusively in terrestrial arthropods. They were first discovered in the guts of insects by Joseph Leidy. Despite their morphological similarity to ''Candidatus'' Savagella or segmented filamentous bacteria, they form a distinct lineage within the Lachnospiraceae. History References to Arthromitus date back to 1849, when they were first observed by renowned physician and naturalist Joseph Leidy, who named the organisms Arthromitus (from Greek ''Arthro-'', joint + ''mitos'', thread). Leidy, J. 1849. On the existence of entophyta in healthy animals, as a natural condition. Proc. National Academy of Sciences The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the Nati .... USA 4:225–233 The fil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria are vital in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide and methane, to energy. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationsh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacillota
The Bacillota (synonym Firmicutes) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure. The renaming of phyla such as Firmicutes in 2021 remains controversial among microbiologists, many of whom continue to use the earlier names of long standing in the literature. The name "Firmicutes" was derived from the Latin words for "tough skin," referring to the thick cell wall typical of bacteria in this phylum. Scientists once classified the Firmicutes to include all gram-positive bacteria, but have recently defined them to be of a core group of related forms called the low- G+C group, in contrast to the Actinomycetota. They have round cells, called cocci (singular coccus), or rod-like forms (bacillus). A few Firmicutes, such as ''Megasphaera'', ''Pectinatus'', ''Selenomonas'' and ''Zymophilus'', have a porous pseudo-outer membrane that causes them to stain gram-negative. Many Bacillota (Firmicutes) produce endospores, which are resistant to desiccation and can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridia
The Clostridia are a highly polyphyletic class of Bacillota, including '' Clostridium'' and other similar genera. They are distinguished from the Bacilli by lacking aerobic respiration. They are obligate anaerobes and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the class ''Clostridia'' are often but not always Gram-positive (see ''Halanaerobium'') and have the ability to form spores. Studies show they are not a monophyletic group, and their relationships are not entirely certain. Currently, most are placed in a single order called Clostridiales, but this is not a natural group and is likely to be redefined in the future. Most species of the genus ''Clostridium'' are saprophytic organisms that ferment plant polysaccharides and are found in many places in the environment, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens (outlined below). The toxins produced by certain members of the genus ''Clostridium'' are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridiales
The Eubacteriales are an order of bacteria placed within the class Clostridia. Families Eubacteriales comprises the following families: * " Betainaceae" Jones et al. 2019 * " Bianqueaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Borkfalkiaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * Caldicoprobacteraceae Yokoyama et al. 2010 * Christensenellaceae Morotomi, Nagai & Watanabe 2012 * Clostridiaceae Pribram 1933 * Defluviitaleaceae Jabari et al. 2012 * Eubacteriaceae Ludwig et al. 2010 * " Feifaniaceae" Liu et al. 2021 * " Galloscillospiraceae" Gilroy et al. 2021 * Gottschalkiaceae Poehlein et al. 2017c * Hungateiclostridiaceae Zhang et al. 2018b * Lachnospiraceae Rainey 2010 * " Mageeibacillaceae" Hildebrand, Pallen & Bork 2020 * " Mogibacteriaceae" Wylensek et al. 2020 * Oscillospiraceae Peshkoff 1940 * Peptoniphilaceae Johnson et al. 2014 * Peptostreptococcaceae Ezaki 2010 * Ruminococcaceae Rainey 2010 * " Pumilibacteraceae" Afrizal et al. 2021 * Thermohalobacteraceae Spring 2021 * Tissierellaceae W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clostridiaceae
The Clostridiaceae are a family of the bacterial class Clostridia, and contain the genus '' Clostridium''. The family Clostridiaceae (scientific name) defined by the taxonomic outline of '' Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology '' contains as its core the genus '' Clostridium'' (''sensu stricto''), as well as ''Acetivibrio'', ''Acidaminobacter'', ''Alkaliphilus'', '' Anaerobacter'', ''Caloramator'', ''Caloranaerobacter'', '' Coprobacillus'', '' Dorea'', ''Natronincola'', ''Oxobacter'', ''Sarcina'', '' Sporobacter'', ''Thermobrachium'', ''Thermohalobacter'', and ''Tindallia''. The previous inclusion of these additional genera (as seen on the right) in a family Clostridiaceae is based for the most part because the type species of these genera are in many cases phylogenetically related to misclassified species of the genus ''Clostridium''. However, with the exception of ''Anaerobacter'', ''Caloramator'', ''Oxobacter'', ''Sarcina'', and ''Thermobrachium'', these genera fall outs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Candidatus Savagella
Segmented filamentous bacteria or '' Candidatus'' Savagella are members of the gut microbiota of rodents, fish and chickens, and have been shown to potently induce immune responses in mice. They form a distinct lineage within the Clostridiaceae and the name ''Candidatus'' Savagella has been proposed for this lineage. They were previously named ''Candidatus'' Arthromitus because of their morphological resemblance to bacterial filaments previously observed in the guts of insects by Joseph Leidy. Despite the fact that they have been widely referred to as segmented filamentous bacteria, this term is somewhat problematic as it does not allow one to distinguish between bacteria that colonize various hosts or even if segmented filamentous bacteria are actually several different bacterial species. In mice, these bacteria grow primarily in the terminal ileum in close proximity to the intestinal epithelium where they are thought to help induce T helper 17 cell responses. Intriguin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Segmented filamentous bacteria or '' Candidatus'' Savagella are members of the gut microbiota of rodents, fish and chickens, and have been shown to potently induce immune responses in mice. They form a distinct lineage within the Clostridiaceae and the name ''Candidatus'' Savagella has been proposed for this lineage. They were previously named ''Candidatus'' Arthromitus because of their morphological resemblance to bacterial filaments previously observed in the guts of insects by Joseph Leidy. Despite the fact that they have been widely referred to as segmented filamentous bacteria, this term is somewhat problematic as it does not allow one to distinguish between bacteria that colonize various hosts or even if segmented filamentous bacteria are actually several different bacterial species. In mice, these bacteria grow primarily in the terminal ileum in close proximity to the intestinal epithelium where they are thought to help induce T helper 17 cell responses. Intriguin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Leidy
Joseph Mellick Leidy (September 9, 1823 – April 30, 1891) was an American paleontologist, parasitologist and anatomist. Leidy was professor of anatomy at the University of Pennsylvania, later was a professor of natural history at Swarthmore College and the director of scientific and educational programs at the Wagner Free Institute of Science. His book ''Extinct Fauna of Dakota and Nebraska'' (1869) contained many species not previously described and many previously unknown on the North American continent. At the time, scientific investigation was largely the province of wealthy amateurs. The Leidy Glacier in northwest Greenland was named by Robert Peary after him. Early life and family Joseph Leidy was born on September 9, 1823, to an established Philadelphia family of Pennsylvania Germans. His father, Philip, was a hatter; his mother, Catharine, died during childbirth when he was young. His father then married his wife's first cousin, Christiana Mellick. Leidy also ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Academy Of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization. NAS is part of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, along with the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) and the National Academy of Medicine (NAM). As a national academy, new members of the organization are elected annually by current members, based on their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research. Election to the National Academy is one of the highest honors in the scientific field. Members of the National Academy of Sciences serve '' pro bono'' as "advisers to the nation" on science, engineering, and medicine. The group holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Founded in 1863 as a result of an Act of Congress that was approved by Abraham Lincoln, the NAS is charged with "providing independent, objective advice to the nation on matters related to science and technology. ... to provide scien ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lachnospiraceae
The Lachnospiraceae are a family of obligately anaerobic, variably spore-forming bacteria in the order Eubacteriales that ferment diverse plant polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate) and alcohols (ethanol). These bacteria are among the most abundant taxa in the rumen and the human gut microbiota. Members of this family may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid Butyric acid (; from grc, βούτῡρον, meaning "butter"), also known under the systematic name butanoic acid, is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH3CH2CH2CO2H. It is an oily, colorless liquid with an unple .... Lachnospiraceae have been found to contribute to diabetes in genetically susceptible (ob/ob) germ-free mice. References Further reading * * * * * * {{Taxonbar, from=Q3825240 Bacteria families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.JPG "Click for more on -> National Academy Of Sciences")