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Calderonism
Calderonism or ''Calderonismo'' is a political and ideological doctrine of Costa Rica, which emerged in the 1940s under the leadership of caudillo Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, before, during and after he was president with his National Republican Party, and which was continued by various political forces such as Unity Coalition, National Unification Party and the current Social Christian Unity Party and its split the Social Christian Republican Party. It is together with ''Liberacionismo'' one of the two traditional political tendencies of Costa Rican politics, with which it represented a certain type of Costa Rican bipartisanship from 1986 to 2002 and revolves around the Calderón family. It is a form of populist and Catholic Christian socialism very similar to Argentine Peronism. History Calderonism was born with the political leadership of Dr. Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia. His administration (1940-1944) has been traditionally controversial, during his tenure the Un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Christian Unity Party
The Social Christian Unity Party ( es, Partido Unidad Social Cristiana) is a centre-right political party in Costa Rica. PUSC considers itself a Christian-democratic party and, as such, is a member of the Christian Democrat Organization of America (ODCA). It was founded in 1983 by merger of the parties that were part of the Unity Coalition: the Christian Democratic, the Republican Calderonista, People's Union and the Democratic Renovation Party. Its historical roots are in '' Calderonism'', i.e. the movement of supporters of Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, who was the country's president in the 1940s. From its foundation until 2006, the PUSC was one of Costa Rica's two dominant parties, alongside the National Liberation Party. It provided three presidents: Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier (1990–94), Miguel Ángel Rodríguez (1998–2002) and Abel Pacheco (2002–06). History Negotiations among the main right-wing opposition parties to create a political force capable of co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Guarantees
Social Guarantees were a series of progressive political reforms made in Costa Rica in the 1940s for the benefit of the working classes. They came about as a result of the alliance between various political and religious figures. Though a widespreads effort, there were three main leaders: * Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia, president in the 1940–1944 period and leader of the National Republican Party. He led the eponymous political movement known as ''Calderonismo''. * Manuel Mora Valverde, deputy and leader of the Costa Rican Communist Party. * Víctor Manuel Sanabria Martínez, archbishop of San José and leader of the Catholic Church in Costa Rica. The reforms were diverse and varied, but are typified by three signature project: * Creation of the Costa Rican Social Security Fund, a government-funded, private company that universalized healthcare. The Savings Bank required all employers to insure their workers and make a corresponding payment to the worker-employer's quot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Unification Party (Costa Rica)
National Unification Party (''Partido Unificación Nacional'') was a political party in Costa Rica from 1966 to 1978. It was founded by Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia and Otilio Ulate Blanco, and espoused social welfareStebbins, Richard Poate and Amoia, Alba (eds.) (1970) ''Political handbook and atlas of the world, 1970: governments and intergovernmental organizations as of September 1, 1969, with supplementary data through January 1, 1970'' (Council on Foreign Relations) Simon and Schuster, New York, p. 74 and a free market. The party, was formed in reaction to the post civil war success of the National Liberation Party. It was formed from the old National Republican Party, led by former president Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia and the National Union Party, headed by former president Otilio Ulate Blanco, joined by a few minor parties. Calderón Guardia quickly took control of the party. The party was highly personalist, and sometimes the party was referred to as the Calder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1944 Costa Rican General Election
General elections were held in Costa Rica on 13 February 1944.Dieter Nohlen (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p155 Teodoro Picado Michalski of the Victory Bloc won the presidential election with 75% of the vote. Voter turnout was 43%.Nohlen, p156 Background Being deputy and president of the Congress, Teodoro Picado Michalski was officially invested as presidential candidate of the National Republican Party on May 2, 1942, two years before the elections. Having been elected deputy communist leader Manuel Mora in the mid-term elections of 1942, Mora was approached by businessman Jorge Hine (who was rumored as a possible candidate of the right-wing opposition in the next elections). Hine tried to enlist Mora in a coup d'état that the conservatives were plotting against Calderón, but Mora declined and the attack was never carried out nor did Hine appear as a candidate. Mora and the communist leadership, on the other hand, were in negotiations with t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Christian Republican Party
The Social Christian Republican Party is a Costa Rican political party founded in 2014 by former president Rafael Ángel Calderón Fournier and his group of supporters as a splinter from the historical Social Christian Unity Party (PUSC). The party also uses the colors and a similar name of Calderón's father's party, the National Republican Party. The Party was created soon after the Calderonistas left PUSC due to unusually harsh clashes among the Calderonista and Liberal factions inside the party during the general election of 2014. Both factions have been historically rivals but generally work together after the primaries, but after the 2013 presidential primary in which the Calderonista candidate Dr. Rodolfo Hernández won, internal fighting between Hernández and the Liberal-led National Committee caused Hernández's resignation. Hernández and Calderón founded the PRSC a few months after the election, and its first election was in the 2016 municipal elections, with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Calderón Guardia 1940
Calderón () is a Spanish and Sefardi occupational surname. It is derived from the Vulgar Latin "''caldaria''" ("cauldron") and refers to the occupation of tinker. Calderón, or Calderon, may refer to: * Alberto Calderón, Argentine mathematician * Alfonso Calderon (activist), Spanish born activist and advocate for gun control * Alfonso Calderón (poet), Chilean poet and writer * Bernardo Calderón Cabrera, Mexican architect * Charles Calderon (born 1950), California lawyer and politician, brother of Ron * Cleofé Calderón, Argentine botanist * Diego de Landa Calderón, an early Bishop in the Yucatán * Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico * Felipe G. Calderón, Filipino constitutionalist * Francisco García Calderón, President of Peru in 1881 * Francisco García Calderón Rey, Peruvian writer and diplomat, representative at the Evian Conference in 1938 * Iñigo Calderón, Spanish footballer playing at Brighton & Hove Albion * Iván Calderón (boxer), Puerto Rican boxer * Iv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Costa Rican Communist Party
The People's Vanguard Party, or Popular Vanguard Party () is a communist party in Costa Rica. PVP was founded in 1931 as the Workers and Farmers Party, but was soon renamed to the Communist Party of Costa Rica (''Partido Comunista de Costa Rica''). From 1931 to 1947, the party published '' Trabajo'' as a communist newspaper. The PVP's current publication is ''El Popular''. History In 1943 the party was renamed as PVP, in order to facilitate its alliance with the Catholic Church and the government, whose reformist policies the party supported. In 1949 the party was banned. Its militants began working under the name 'Partido Acción Socialista Obrera'.Rouquié, Alain/Arnaud, Hélène. ''Les Forces politiques en Amérique centrale''. KARTHALA Editions, 1991. p. 39-40 In the mid-1960s the U.S. State Department estimated the party membership to be approximately 300.Benjamin, Roger W.; Kautsky, John H.. Communism and Economic Development', in The American Political Science Review ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Florida
The University of Florida (Florida or UF) is a public land-grant research university in Gainesville, Florida. It is a senior member of the State University System of Florida, traces its origins to 1853, and has operated continuously on its Gainesville campus since September 1906. After the Florida state legislature's creation of performance standards in 2013, the Florida Board of Governors designated the University of Florida as a "preeminent university". For 2022, '' U.S. News & World Report'' ranked Florida as the fifth (tied) best public university and 28th (tied) best university in the United States. The University of Florida is the only member of the Association of American Universities in Florida and is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The university is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). It is the third largest Florida university by student population,Nathan Crabbe, UF is no longer la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political '' status quo'', and reductions in the rule of law, separation of powers, and democratic voting. Political scientists have created many typologies describing variations of authoritarian forms of government. Authoritarian regimes may be either autocratic or oligarchic and may be based upon the rule of a party or the military. States that have a blurred boundary between democracy and authoritarianism have some times been characterized as "hybrid democracies", "hybrid regimes" or "competitive authoritarian" states. The political scientist Juan Linz, in an influential 1964 work, ''An Authoritarian Regime: Spain'', defined authoritarianism as possessing four qualities: # Limited political pluralism, is realized with constraints on the legislature, political parties and interest groups. # Political legitimacy is based upon appeals to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voter Fraud
Electoral fraud, sometimes referred to as election manipulation, voter fraud or vote rigging, involves illegal interference with the process of an election, either by increasing the vote share of a favored candidate, depressing the vote share of rival candidates, or both. It differs from but often goes hand-in-hand with voter suppression. What exactly constitutes electoral fraud varies from country to country. Electoral legislation outlaws many kinds of election fraud, * also at but other practices violate general laws, such as those banning assault, harassment or libel. Although technically the term "electoral fraud" covers only those acts which are illegal, the term is sometimes used to describe acts which are legal, but considered morally unacceptable, outside the spirit of an election or in violation of the principles of democracy. Show elections, featuring only one candidate, are sometimes classified as electoral fraud, although they may comply with the law and are presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Costa Rica
The University of Costa Rica (Spanish: ''Universidad de Costa Rica,'' abbreviated UCR) is a public university in the Republic of Costa Rica, in Central America. Its main campus, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, is located in San Pedro Montes de Oca, in the province of San José. It is the oldest and largest institution of higher learning in Costa Rica, originally established as the ''Universidad de Santo Tomás'' in 1843. It is also the most important research university in the country and Central America and is counted among the most prestigious universities of Latin America. Approximately 45,000 students attend UCR throughout the year. History The first institution dedicated to higher education in Costa Rica was the ''University of Saint Thomas'' (''Universidad de Santo Tomás''), which was established in 1843. That institution maintained close ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the progressive and anti-clerical government of President Ber ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain. Corruption may involve many activities which include bribery, influence peddling and the embezzlement and it may also involve practices which are legal in many countries. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts with an official capacity for personal gain. Corruption is most common in Kleptocracy, kleptocracies, oligarchy, oligarchies, narco-states, and mafia states. Corruption and crime are endemic sociological occurrences which appear with regular frequency in virtually all countries on a global scale in varying degrees and proportions. Each individual nation allocates domestic resources for the control and regulation of corruption and the deterrence of crime. Strategies which are undertaken in order to c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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