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COCOMO
The Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO) is a procedural software cost estimation model developed by Barry W. Boehm. The model parameters are derived from fitting a regression formula using data from historical projects (63 projects for COCOMO 81 and 163 projects for COCOMO II). History The constructive cost model was developed by Barry W. Boehm in the late 1970s and published in Boehm's 1981 book ''Software Engineering Economics'' as a model for estimating effort, cost, and schedule for software projects. It drew on a study of 63 projects at TRW Aerospace where Boehm was Director of Software Research and Technology. The study examined projects ranging in size from 2,000 to 100,000 lines of code, and programming languages ranging from assembly to PL/I. These projects were based on the waterfall model of software development which was the prevalent software development process in 1981. References to this model typically call it ''COCOMO 81''. In 1995 ''COCOMO II'' was develope ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barry Boehm
Barry William Boehm (May 16, 1935 – August 20, 2022) was an American software engineer, distinguished professor of computer science, industrial and systems engineering; the TRW Professor of Software Engineering; and founding director of the Center for Systems and Software Engineering at the University of Southern California. He was known for his many contributions to the area of software engineering. In 1996, Boehm was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to computer and software architectures and to models of cost, quality, and risk for aerospace systems. Biography Boehm was born on May 16, 1935. He received a BA in mathematics from Harvard University in 1957, and a MS in 1961, and PhD from UCLA in 1964, both in mathematics as well. He also received honorary Sc.D. in Computer Science from the U. of Massachusetts in 2000 and in Software Engineering from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 1955 he started working as a progra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Object Point
Object points are an approach used in software development effort estimation In software development, effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input. Effort ... under some models such as COCOMO, COCOMO II. Object points are a way of estimating effort size, similar to Source lines of code, Source Lines Of Code (SLOC) or Function point, Function Points. They are not necessarily related to objects in Object-oriented programming, the objects referred to include screens, reports, and modules of the language. The number of raw objects and complexity of each are estimated and a weighted total Object-Point count is then computed and used to base estimates of the effort needed. See also * COCOMO (Constructive Cost Model) * Comparison of development estimation software * Function point * Software development effort estima ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comparison Of Development Estimation Software
In software development, effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input. Effort estimates may be used as input to project plans, iteration plans, budgets, investment analyses, pricing processes and bidding rounds. State-of-practice Published surveys on estimation practice suggest that expert estimation is the dominant strategy when estimating software development effort. Typically, effort estimates are over-optimistic and there is a strong over-confidence in their accuracy. The mean effort overrun seems to be about 30% and not decreasing over time. For a review of effort estimation error surveys, see. However, the measurement of estimation error is problematic, see Assessing the accuracy of estimates. The strong overconfidence in the accuracy of the effort estimates is illustrated by the finding that, on average, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Development Effort Estimation
In software development, effort estimation is the process of predicting the most realistic amount of effort (expressed in terms of person-hours or money) required to develop or maintain software based on incomplete, uncertain and noisy input. Effort estimates may be used as input to project plans, iteration plans, budgets, investment analyses, pricing processes and bidding rounds. State-of-practice Published surveys on estimation practice suggest that expert estimation is the dominant strategy when estimating software development effort. Typically, effort estimates are over-optimistic and there is a strong over-confidence in their accuracy. The mean effort overrun seems to be about 30% and not decreasing over time. For a review of effort estimation error surveys, see. However, the measurement of estimation error is problematic, see Assessing the accuracy of estimates. The strong overconfidence in the accuracy of the effort estimates is illustrated by the finding that, on average, i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lines Of Code
Source lines of code (SLOC), also known as lines of code (LOC), is a software metric used to measure the size of a computer program by counting the number of lines in the text of the program's source code. SLOC is typically used to predict the amount of effort that will be required to develop a program, as well as to estimate programming productivity or maintainability once the software is produced. Measurement methods Many useful comparisons involve only the order of magnitude of lines of code in a project. Using lines of code to compare a 10,000-line project to a 100,000-line project is far more useful than when comparing a 20,000-line project with a 21,000-line project. While it is debatable exactly how to measure lines of code, discrepancies of an order of magnitude can be clear indicators of software complexity or man-hours. There are two major types of SLOC measures: physical SLOC (LOC) and logical SLOC (LLOC). Specific definitions of these two measures vary, but the most c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SEER-SEM
SEER for Software (SEER-SEM) is a project management application used to estimate resources required for software development. History 1966 System Development Corporation Model based on regressions. 1980 Don Reifer and Dan Galorath paper which prompted the building of the JPL Softcost model. This model, an early example of software estimation, allows for automated and performed risk analysis. Softcost was later made a commercial product by Reifer Consultants. 1984 Computer Economics JS-2 and Galorath Designed System-3 based on the Jensen model. The Jensen-inspired System-3, and other modeling systems like Barry Boehm's COCOMO and early works by the Doty Associates can be seen as direct and indirect contributors to the software suite that would be developed by Galorath in the late 1980s. In 1988, Galorath Incorporated began work on the initial version of SEER-SEM.Galorath, D & Evans M. (2006) Software Sizing, Estimation, and Risk Management Page xxii Group of Models SEER fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Putnam Model
The Putnam model is an empirical software effort estimation model. The original paper by Lawrence H. Putnam published in 1978 is seen as pioneering work in the field of software process modelling. As a group, empirical models work by collecting software project data (for example, effort and size) and fitting a curve to the data. Future effort estimates are made by providing size and calculating the associated effort using the equation which fit the original data (usually with some error). Created by Lawrence Putnam, Sr. the Putnam model describes the ''time'' and ''effort'' required to finish a software project of specified ''size''. SLIM (Software LIfecycle Management) is the name given by Putnam to the proprietary suite of tools his company QSM, Inc. has developed based on his model. It is one of the earliest of these types of models developed, and is among the most widely used. Closely related software parametric models are Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Parametric Re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Engineering Economics
Software engineering is a systematic engineering approach to software development. A software engineer is a person who applies the principles of software engineering to design, develop, maintain, test, and evaluate computer software. The term ''programmer'' is sometimes used as a synonym, but may also lack connotations of engineering education or skills. Engineering techniques are used to inform the software development process which involves the definition, implementation, assessment, measurement, management, change, and improvement of the software life cycle process itself. It heavily uses software configuration management which is about systematically controlling changes to the configuration, and maintaining the integrity and traceability of the configuration and code throughout the system life cycle. Modern processes use software versioning. History Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was seen as its own type of engineering. Additionally, the development of softwa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Estimation In Software Engineering
Cost estimation in software engineering is typically concerned with the financial spend on the effort to develop and test the software, this can also include requirements review, maintenance, training, managing and buying extra equipment, servers and software. Many methods have been developed for estimating software costs for a given project. Methods Methods for estimation in software engineering include these principles: *Analysis effort method *Parametric Estimating * The Planning Game (from Extreme Programming) * ITK method, also known as Method CETIN * Proxy-based estimating (PROBE) (from the Personal Software Process) *Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) *Putnam_model, also known as SLIM *PRICE Systems Founders of Commercial Parametric models that estimates the scope, cost, effort and schedule for software projects. *SEER-SEM Parametric Estimation of Effort, Schedule, Cost, Risk. Minimum time and staffing concepts based on Brooks's law * The Use Case Points met ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cost Overrun
A cost overrun, also known as a cost increase or budget overrun, involves unexpected incurred costs. When these costs are in excess of budgeted amounts due to a value engineering underestimation of the actual cost during budgeting, they are known by these terms. Cost overruns are common in infrastructure, building, and technology projects. For IT projects, a 2004 industry study by the Standish Group found an average cost overrun of 43 percent; 71 percent of projects came in over budget, exceeded time estimates, and had estimated too narrow a scope; and total waste was estimated at $55 billion per year in the US alone. Many major construction projects have incurred cost overruns; cost estimates used to decide whether important transportation infrastructure should be built can mislead grossly and systematically. Cost overrun is distinguished from cost escalation, which is an ''anticipated'' growth in a budgeted cost due to factors such as inflation. Causes Recent works by Ahia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
