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CMS-2
CMS-2 is an embedded systems programming language used by the United States Navy. It was an early attempt to develop a standardized high-level computer programming language intended to improve code portability and reusability. CMS-2 was developed primarily for the US Navy’s tactical data systems (Naval Tactical Data System, NTDS). CMS-2 was developed by RAND Corporation in the early 1970s and stands for "Compiler Monitor System". The name "CMS-2" is followed in literature by a letter designating the type of target system. For example, CMS-2M targets Navy 16-bit processors, such as the AN/AYK-14. History CMS-2 was developed for FCPCPAC (Fleet Computer Programming Center - Pacific) in San Diego, CA. It was implemented by Computer Sciences Corporation in 1968 with design assistance from Intermetrics. The language continued to be developed, eventually supporting a number of computers including the AN/UYK-7 and AN/UYK-43 and UYK-20 and UYK-44 Mark Wilson - personal experience worki ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JOVIAL
JOVIAL is a high-level programming language based on ALGOL 58, specialized for developing embedded systems (specialized computer systems designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, usually embedded as part of a larger, more complete device, including mechanical parts). It was a major system programming language through the 1960s and 1970s. History JOVIAL was developed as a new "high-order" programming language starting in 1959 by a team at System Development Corporation (SDC) headed by Jules Schwartz to compose software for the electronics of military aircraft. The name ''JOVIAL'' is an acronym for ''Jules' Own Version'' ''of the International Algebraic Language''; ''International Algorithmic Language'' (IAL) was a name proposed originally for ALGOL 58. According to Schwartz, the language was originally called ''OVIAL'', but this was opposed for various reasons. ''JOVIAL'' was then suggested, with no meaning attached to the ''J''. Somewhat jokingly it was suggested tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/UYK-43
The AN/UYK-43 was the standard 32-bit computer of the United States Navy for surface ship and submarine platforms, with the first unit delivered in October, 1984. Some 1,250 units were delivered through to 2000. The size of a refrigerator, it replaced the older AN/UYK-7, both built by UNISYS and shared the same instruction set. An enhancement to the UYK-43, the Open Systems Module (OSM), allows up to six VMEbus Type 6U commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cards to be installed in a UYK-43 enclosure. The UYK-43 is being replaced by commercial off-the-shelf systems. Retired systems are being cannibalized for repair parts to support systems still in use by U.S. and non-U.S. forces. Architecture The historic AN/UYK-43 architecture includes active redundancy. It includes multiple processors, multiple memory banks, and multiple input-output devices with interfaces for multiple disk drives. Power-on self test firmware incorporates features that reconfigure software loading in order to bypass ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/AYK-14
The AN/AYK-14(V) is a family of computers for use in military weapons systems. It is a general-purpose 16-bit microprogrammed computer, intended for airborne vehicles and missions. Its modular design provides for common firmware and support software. It is still in use on Navy fleet aircraft including the F/A-18, and the AV-8B. The AN/AYK-14(V) family of systems is designed to meet MIL-E-5400 (airborne) requirements. General information The AN/AYK-14(V) computer was designed for military weapons systems. A complete AN/AYK-14(V) computer system is composed of processor, memory and input/output (I/O) modules. Applications * Aircraft ** F-18 Central Mission Computers ** LAMPS MKIII Central Mission and ESM Processor ** EA-6B Electronic Warfare Computer ** E-2C Passive Detection System Computer ** AV-8B Central Mission Computer ** EP-3 Electronic Data Processor ** P-3C ESM Processor ** F-14 Avionics Improvement Program * Special applications ** ALWT Torpedo Guidance Computer ** ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
TACPOL (programming Language)
TACPOL (Tactical Procedure Oriented Language) is a block structured programming language developed by the United States Army for the TACFIRE Tactical Fire Direction Command and control (military), command and control application. TACPOL is similar to PL/I. Language constructs Reserved words Unlike PL/I, TACPOL keywords—called ''particles''—are reserved words and cannot be used as identifiers. There are roughly 100 reserved words. Identifiers TACPOL identifiers can be any length, but if longer than eight characters only the first five concatenated with the last three characters were actually used. Data types TACPOL supports fixed-point binary numeric data, fixed-length character strings up to 512 bytes, and fixed-length bit strings up to 32 bits. There is no support for floating point numeric data or for pointers. Arrays may have up to three dimensions, but dynamic bounds are not permitted. Additional types are records, called ''groups'', limited to a single level of nest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/UYK-44
The AN/UYK-44 is the standard 16-bit minicomputer of the United States Navy. The AN/UYK-44 was developed in the early 1980s by Sperry Corporation and was completed in early 1984. The AN/UYK-44 was used in surface ships, submarines, ground C4I platforms, radar and missile control systems. The system was designed to replace the older AN/UYK-20 model. Technical specifications The AN/UYK-44 had 2 million words of memory, approximately 4 MB in modern terms, and operated at 0.9 MIPS. The system has relatively large I/O capability and has a MIL-STD-1397 point-to-point I/O bus running at 250K words/s. The system was built around the use of "Standard Electronic Modules" (SEM) for logic implementation. These modules had double-sided surface mount integrated circuits and ceramic substrates for interconnect and cooling. See also * AN/AYK-14 * AN/UYK-20 * CMS-2 programming language CMS-2 is an embedded systems programming language used by the United States Navy. It was an early attempt to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/UYK-20
The AN/UYK-20 "Data Processing Set" was a ruggedized small computer manufactured by Univac and used by the United States Navy for small and medium-sized shipboard and shore systems built in the 1970s. It featured non-volatile magnetic core memory and was housed in a heavy-duty metal cube-shaped box which was designed to fit through a 25-inch circular hatch. In 1972, in response to the proliferation of small computer types in the Navy's inventory, the Chief of Naval Material mandated the use of the AN/UYK-20(V) in systems requiring a small digital processor. In March 1974 the AN/UYK-20 received service approval and by late 1974 they were in use in the development of tactical systems. Programmers and operators colloquially referred to this computer as the "Yuck Twenty." Technical In addition to various uses throughout the fleet, the system was used to train the U.S. Navy's Data Systems Technicians (DS) on digital computer theory and application. The 9-month course had 4 phases a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naval Tactical Data System
Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) was a computerized information processing system developed by the United States Navy in the 1950s and first deployed in the early 1960s for use in combat ships. It took reports from multiple sensors on different ships and collated it to produce a single unified map of the battlespace. This information could then be relayed back to the ships and to the weapons operators. Reason for development Background Warships have compartments known as Combat Information Centers, or CICs, that collect, sort and then communicate all of the battlefield information known to that ship. Information about targets would be forwarded to the CIC by the operators of the radar and sonar systems, where crewmen would use this information to update a shared map. Commanders used the map to direct weapons to particular targets. The system was similar to the Battle of Britain Bunker system, but on a smaller scale. There were two major problems with this system. One was that e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/USQ-20
The AN/USQ-20, or CP-642 or Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS), was designed as a more reliable replacement for the Seymour Cray-designed AN/USQ-17 with the same instruction set. The first batch of 17 computers were delivered to the Navy starting in early 1961. A version of the AN/USQ-20 for use by the other military services and NASA was designated the UNIVAC 1206. Another version, designated the G-40, replaced the vacuum tube UNIVAC 1104 in the BOMARC Missile Program. The machine was the size and shape of an old-fashioned double-door refrigerator, about six feet tall (roughly 1.80 meters). Instructions were represented as 30-bit words in the following format: f 6 bits function code j 3 bits jump condition designator k 3 bits partial word designator b 3 bits which index register to use y 15 bits operand address in memory Numbers were represented as 30-bit words. This allowed for five 6-bit alphanumeric characters per word. The main memo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/UYK-7
The AN/UYK-7 was the standard 32-bit computer of the United States Navy for surface ship and submarine platforms, starting in 1970. It was used in the Navy's NTDS & Aegis combat systems and U.S. Coast Guard, and the navies of U.S. allies. It was also used by the U.S. Army. Technical Built by UNIVAC, it used integrated circuits, had 18-bit addressing and could support multiple CPUs and I/O controllers. Three CPUs and two I/O controllers were a common configuration. Its multiprocessor architecture was based upon the UNIVAC 1108. An airborne version, the UNIVAC 1832, was also produced. Replacement In the mid-1980s, the UYK-7 was replaced by the AN/UYK-43 which shared the same instruction set. Retired systems are being cannibalized for repair parts to support systems still in use by U.S. and non-U.S. forces. See also * AN/USQ-20 30-bit computer that the AN/UYK-7 replaced * AN/UYK-20 16-bit computer developed for navy projects that did not need the full power of the AN/UYK- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AN/USQ-17
The AN/USQ-17 or Naval Tactical Data System (NTDS) computer referred to in Sperry Rand documents as the Univac M-460, was Seymour Cray's last design for UNIVAC. UNIVAC later released a commercial version, the UNIVAC 490 and that system was later upgraded to a multiprocessor configuration as the 494. Overview The machine was the size and shape of a refrigerator, about four feet high (roughly 1.20 meters), with a hinged lid for access. However, shortly after completing the prototype design Cray left to join Control Data Corporation. When the Navy awarded Sperry Rand a US$50 million contract to build the AN/USQ-17, Univac engineers redesigned the entire machine from scratch using silicon transistors (retaining the instruction set so that programs developed for the original machine would still run on the new one). As part of the redesign it was decided to improve access, and the second version was designed to stand upright, like an old fashioned double-door refrigerator, about six fee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ada (programming Language)
Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, extended from Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for '' design by contract'' (DbC), extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. Ada is an international technical standard, jointly defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). , the standard, called Ada 2012 informally, is ISO/IEC 8652:2012. Ada was originally designed by a team led by French computer scientist Jean Ichbiah of CII Honeywell Bull under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages used by the DoD at that time. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
UNIVAC 418
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. The BINAC, built by the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, was the first general-purpose computer for commercial use, but it was not a success. The last UNIVAC-badged computer was produced in 1986. History and structure J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly built the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering between 1943 and 1946. A 1946 patent rights dispute with the university led Eckert and Mauchly to depart the Moore School to form the Electronic Control Company, later renamed Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC), based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That company first built a computer called BINAC (BINary Automa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
