|
Xanthones
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula O 6H4sub>2CO. It is a white solid. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst. Synthesis Xanthone can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate: Six methods have been reported for synthesizing xanthone derivatives: *The Michael-Kostanecki method uses an equimolar mix of a polyphenol and an ''O''-hydroxybenzoic acid, which are heated with a dehydrating agent. *The Friedel-Crafts method has a benzophenone intermediate. *The Robinson-Nishikawa method is a variant of the Hoesch synthesis but with low yields. *The Asahina-Tanase method synthesizes some methoxylated xanthones, and xanthones with acid-sensitive substituents. *The Tanase method is used to synthesize ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lichexanthone
Lichexanthone is an organic compound in the structural class of chemicals known as xanthones. Lichexanthone was first isolated and identified by Japanese chemists from a species of leafy lichen in the 1940s. The compound is known to occur in many lichens, and it is important in the taxonomy of species in several genera, such as ''Pertusaria'' and ''Pyxine''. More than a dozen lichen species have a variation of the word lichexanthone incorporated as part of their binomial name. The presence of lichexanthone in lichens causes them to fluoresce a greenish-yellow colour under long-wavelength UV light; this feature is used to help identify some species. Lichexanthone is also found in several plants (many are from the families Annonaceae and Rutaceae), and some species of fungi that do not form lichens. In lichens, the biosynthesis of lichexanthone occurs through a set of enzymatic reactions that start with the molecule acetyl-CoA and sequentially add successive units, forming a longe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthone Synthesis
Xanthone is an organic compound with the molecular formula O 6H4sub>2CO. It is a white solid. In 1939, xanthone was introduced as an insecticide and it currently finds uses as ovicide for codling moth eggs and as a larvicide. Xanthone is also used in the preparation of xanthydrol, which is used in the determination of urea levels in the blood. It can also be used as a photocatalyst. Synthesis Xanthone can be prepared by the heating of phenyl salicylate: Six methods have been reported for synthesizing xanthone derivatives: *The Michael-Kostanecki method uses an equimolar mix of a polyphenol and an ''O''- hydroxybenzoic acid, which are heated with a dehydrating agent. *The Friedel-Crafts method has a benzophenone intermediate. *The Robinson-Nishikawa method is a variant of the Hoesch synthesis but with low yields. *The Asahina-Tanase method synthesizes some methoxylated xanthones, and xanthones with acid-sensitive substituents. *The Tanase method is used to synthesiz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthene
Xanthene (9''H''-xanthene, 10''H''-9-oxaanthracene) is the organic compound with the formula CH2 6H4sub>2O. It is a yellow solid that is soluble in common organic solvents. Xanthene itself is an obscure compound, but many of its derivatives are useful dyes. Xanthene dyes Dyes that contain a xanthene core include fluorescein, eosins, and rhodamines. Xanthene dyes tend to be fluorescent, yellow to pink to bluish red, brilliant dyes. Many xanthene dyes can be prepared by condensation of derivates of phthalic anhydride with derivates of resorcinol or 3-aminophenol. Further reading * See also * Xanthone * Xanthydrol Xanthydrol is an organic chemical compound. Its formula is C13 H10 O2. Its total molecular weight is 198.221 g/ mol. Xanthydrol is used to test the levels of urea in the bloodstream. Synthesis Xanthydrol can be produced by the reduction of xan ... References {{reflist Fungicides ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benzophenone
Benzophenone is the organic compound with the formula (C6H5)2CO, generally abbreviated Ph2CO. It is a white solid that is soluble in organic solvents. Benzophenone is a widely used building block in organic chemistry, being the parent diarylketone. Uses Benzophenone can be used as a photo initiator in UV(Ultra-violet)-curing applications such as inks, imaging, and clear coatings in the printing industry. Benzophenone prevents ultraviolet ( UV) light from damaging scents and colors in products such as perfumes and soaps. Benzophenone can also be added to plastic packaging as a UV blocker to prevent photo-degradation of the packaging polymers or its contents. Its use allows manufacturers to package the product in clear glass or plastic (such as a PETE water bottle). Without it, opaque or dark packaging would be required. In biological applications, benzophenones have been used extensively as photophysical probes to identify and map peptide–protein interactions. Benzophenone ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clusiaceae
The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae and Hypericaceae. They are mostly trees and shrubs, with milky sap and fruits or capsules for seeds. The family is primarily tropical. More so than many plant families, it shows large variation in plant morphology (for example, three to 10, fused or unfused petals, and many other traits). According to the APG III, this family belongs to the order Malpighiales. One feature which is sometimes found in this family, and rarely in others (e.g., Malpighiaceae), is providing pollinators with rewards other than pollen or nectar; specifically, some species offer resin which bees use in nest construction (all three rewards are found in different species of the Clusiaceae). Taxonomic history The family Clusiaceae was divided by Cronquist into two subfamilies: ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bonnetiaceae
Bonnetiaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 4 genera and 41 species. The family is Neotropical, with the exception of the genus ''Ploiarium'', which is found in Malesia. It is sister to the family Clusiaceae The Clusiaceae or Guttiferae Juss. (1789) (''nom. alt. et cons.'' = alternative and valid name) are a family of plants including 13 genera and ca 750 species. Several former members of Clusiacae are now placed in Calophyllaceae and Hypericaceae. .... References Malpighiales families {{Malpighiales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xanthonoid
A xanthonoid is a chemical natural phenolic compound formed from the xanthone backbone. Many members of the Clusiaceae contain xanthonoids. Xanthonoid biosynthesis in cell cultures of ''Hypericum androsaemum'' involves the presence of a benzophenone synthase condensing a molecule of benzoyl-CoA with three malonyl-CoA yielding to 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzophenone. This intermediate is subsequently converted by a benzophenone 3′-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, leading to the formation of 2,3′,4,6-tetrahydroxybenzophenone. Some examples are tomentonone, zeyloxanthonone and calozeyloxanthone isolated from the bark of ''Calophyllum tomentosum'', apetalinone A, B, C and D from '' Calophyllum apetalum'', gaudichaudione A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, gaudichaudiic acid A, B, C, D, E, morellic acid and forbesione from '' Garcinia gaudichaudii'', methylswertianin and bellidifolin from '' Swertia punicea'' or psorospermin obtained from '' Psorospermum febrifu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mangostin
Mangostin is a natural xanthonoid, a type of organic compound isolated from various parts of the mangosteen tree (''Garcinia mangostana''). It is a yellow crystalline solid with a xanthone core structure. Mangostin and a variety of other xanthonoids from mangosteen have been investigated for biological properties including antioxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. In animal studies, mangostin has been found to be a central nervous system depressant which causes sedation, decreased motor activity, and ptosis. The rind of partially ripe mangosteen fruit yields mangostin and also the related compound β-mangostin. Researchers conducted the optimization steps in order to increase the yield of α-Mangostin extraction from the pericarp of the mangosteen and was able to achieve 9.2 g/kg DW. The rind of fully ripe fruits contains the xanthonoids gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin and normangostin. A derivative of mangostin, mangostin-3,6-di-O-glucoside, is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diphenylether
Diphenyl ether is the organic compound with the formula ( C6 H5)2 O. It is a colorless solid. This, the simplest diaryl ether, has a variety of niche applications. Synthesis and reactions Diphenyl ether and many of its properties were first reported as early as 1901. It is synthesized by a modification of the Williamson ether synthesis, here the reaction of phenol and bromobenzene in the presence of base and a catalytic amount of copper: :PhONa + PhBr → PhOPh + NaBr Involving similar reactions, diphenyl ether is a significant side product in the high-pressure hydrolysis of chlorobenzene in the production of phenol. Related compounds are prepared by Ullmann reactions. The compound undergoes reactions typical of other phenyl rings, including hydroxylation, nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, and Friedel–Crafts alkylation or acylation. Uses The main application of diphenyl ether is as a eutectic mixture with biphenyl, used as a heat transfer fluid. Such a mix ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyclic Compound
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring. Rings may vary in size from three to many atoms, and include examples where all the atoms are carbon (i.e., are carbocycles), none of the atoms are carbon (inorganic cyclic compounds), or where both carbon and non-carbon atoms are present (heterocyclic compounds). Depending on the ring size, the bond order of the individual links between ring atoms, and their arrangements within the rings, carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds may be aromatic or non-aromatic; in the latter case, they may vary from being fully saturated to having varying numbers of multiple bonds between the ring atoms. Because of the tremendous diversity allowed, in combination, by the valences of common atoms and their ability to form rings, the number of possible cyclic structures, even of small size (e.g., < 17 total atoms) numbers in the many b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlorobenzene
Chlorobenzene is an aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C6H5Cl. This colorless, flammable liquid is a common solvent and a widely used intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals. Uses Historical The major use of chlorobenzene is as an intermediate in the production of herbicides, dyestuffs, and rubber. Chlorobenzene is also used as a high-boiling solvent in industrial applications as well as in the laboratory. Chlorobenzene is nitrated on a large scale to give a mixture of 2-nitrochlorobenzene and 4-nitrochlorobenzene, which are separated. These mononitrochlorobenzenes are converted to related 2-nitrophenol, 2-nitroanisole, bis(2-nitrophenyl)disulfide, and 2-nitroaniline by nucleophilic displacement of the chloride, with respectively sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, sodium disulfide, and ammonia. The conversions of the 4-nitro derivative are similar. Chlorobenzene once was used in the manufacture of pesticides, most notably DDT, by reaction with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phenol
Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns. Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks. It is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds. It is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials. Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs. Properties Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M). Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
.jpg "Click for more on -> Lichexanthone")
