Shepherdia
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Shepherdia
''Shepherdia'', commonly called buffaloberry or bullberry, is a genus of small shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family. The plants are native to northern and western North America. They are non-legume nitrogen fixers. ''Shepherdia'' is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Species The genus has three species: Fruit The berry is recognizable by being a dark shade of red, with little white dots on them. They are rough to the touch, and are found on both trees and shrubs. Wildlife The plants have rather bitter-tasting berries. The fruit are often eaten by bears, which by legend, prefer the berries to maintain fat stores during hibernation. Buffaloberries are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including ''Ectropis crepuscularia'' (recorded from ''S. canadensis'') and ''Coleophora elaeagnisella''. As food Buffaloberries are sour and can be made into jam, pie, jelly, syrup, soups, or prepared like cranberry sauce Cranberry ...
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Shepherdia Argentea
''Shepherdia argentea'', commonly called silver buffaloberry, bull berry, or thorny buffaloberry, is a species of ''Shepherdia'' in the Oleaster family. It is native to central and western North America, from the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba) southwards in the United States as far as Ventura County in California, as well as northern Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico. Description ''Shepherdia argentea'' is a deciduous shrub growing from tall. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (rarely alternately arranged), 2–6 cm long, oval with a rounded apex, green with a covering of fine silvery, silky hairs, more thickly silvery below than above. The flowers are pale yellow, with four sepals but no petals. The fruit is a bright red fleshy drupe 5 mm in diameter; it is edible but with a rather bitter taste.Jepson Flora''Shepherdia argentea''/ref> Two cultivars, 'Xanthocarpa' and 'Goldeneye', form yellow fruit. The Latin specific epithe ...
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Shepherdia Canadensis
''Shepherdia canadensis'', commonly called Canada buffaloberry, russet buffaloberry, soopolallie, soapberry, or foamberry (Ktunaxa: ',) is one of a small number of shrubs of the genus ''Shepherdia'' that bears edible berries. Description The plant is a deciduous shrub of open woodlands and thickets, growing to a maximum of . The fruit is usually red, but one variety has yellow berries. The berries have a bitter taste. It is a non-legume nitrogen fixer. Etymology The common name of the plant in British Columbia is "soopolallie", a word derived from the historic Chinook Jargon trading language spoken in the North American Pacific Northwest in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The name is a composite of the Chinook words "soop" (soap) and "olallie" (berry).Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson, M. Terry Thompson, and Annie Z. York. 1990. Thompson Ethnobotany. Royal British Columbia Museum: Victoria. Pp. 209-11. Distribution and habitat The species is widespread in al ...
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Shepherdia
''Shepherdia'', commonly called buffaloberry or bullberry, is a genus of small shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family. The plants are native to northern and western North America. They are non-legume nitrogen fixers. ''Shepherdia'' is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Species The genus has three species: Fruit The berry is recognizable by being a dark shade of red, with little white dots on them. They are rough to the touch, and are found on both trees and shrubs. Wildlife The plants have rather bitter-tasting berries. The fruit are often eaten by bears, which by legend, prefer the berries to maintain fat stores during hibernation. Buffaloberries are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including ''Ectropis crepuscularia'' (recorded from ''S. canadensis'') and ''Coleophora elaeagnisella''. As food Buffaloberries are sour and can be made into jam, pie, jelly, syrup, soups, or prepared like cranberry sauce Cranberry ...
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Shepherdia Canadensis 05
''Shepherdia'', commonly called buffaloberry or bullberry, is a genus of small shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family. The plants are native to northern and western North America. They are non-legume nitrogen fixers. ''Shepherdia'' is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on separate plants. Species The genus has three species: Fruit The berry is recognizable by being a dark shade of red, with little white dots on them. They are rough to the touch, and are found on both trees and shrubs. Wildlife The plants have rather bitter-tasting berries. The fruit are often eaten by bears, which by legend, prefer the berries to maintain fat stores during hibernation. Buffaloberries are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including ''Ectropis crepuscularia'' (recorded from ''S. canadensis'') and ''Coleophora elaeagnisella''. As food Buffaloberries are sour and can be made into jam, pie, jelly, syrup, soups, or prepared like cranberry sauce Cranberry ...
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Elaeagnaceae
The Elaeagnaceae are a plant family, the oleaster family, of the order Rosales comprising small trees and shrubs, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical Asia and Australia. The family has about 60 species in three genera. They are commonly thorny, with simple leaves often coated with tiny scales or hairs. Most of the species are xerophytes (found in dry habitats); several are also halophytes, tolerating high levels of soil salinity. The Elaeagnaceae often harbor nitrogen-fixing actinomycetes of the genus ''Frankia'' in root nodules, making them useful for soil reclamation. This characteristic, together with their production of plentiful seeds, often results in the Elaeagnaceae being regarded as weeds. The stems and leaves are covered with silvery brown or golden hairs which are either peltate or scaly. ''Shepherdia'' and ''Hippophae'' are unisexual, the female and male borne on different plants (dioecious). There are no petals, the perianth ...
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Shepherdia Rotundifolia
''Shepherdia rotundifolia'', the roundleaf buffaloberry or silverleaf, is a evergreen shrub in the oleaster family (Elaeagnaceae) that grows only in the Colorado Plateau (endemic) of the southwestern United States. The common name comes from western settlers using the cooked berries in a sauce for eating cooked buffalo meat. Leaves and stems "Rotundifolia" is for the oval or egg-shaped leaves, which can vary to being lance shaped. They are long, silvery green on top (hence the other common name), and hairy and pale on the bottom. Inflorescence and fruit Flowers open from May to June and are yellowish. They are produced singly or in a cluster from leaf axils. Fruits are elliptical, with star-shaped hairs. Habitat and range It grows in mixed desert shrub, pinyon juniper woodland, and ponderosa pine forest Ponderosa pine forest is a plant association and plant community dominated by ponderosa pine and found in western North America. It is found from the Rocky Mountains ...
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Non-legume Nitrogen Fixer
Actinorhizal plants are a group of angiosperms characterized by their ability to form a symbiosis with the nitrogen fixing actinomycetota ''Frankia''. This association leads to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Classification Actinorhizal plants are dicotyledons distributed among three angiosperm orders, 8 families and 25 genera: These three orders form a single clade within the Rosids, which is a sister taxon to the other major nitrogen-fixing order, the Fabales. All actinorhizal species are trees or shrubs, except for the genus ''Datisca''. Many are common plants in temperate regions like alder, bayberry, sweetfern, Avens, mountain misery and ''Coriaria''. Some ''Elaeagnus'' species and Sea-buckthorns produce edible fruit. In tropical regions, ''Casuarinas'' are widely cultivated. Distribution and ecology Actinorhizal plants are found on all continents except for Antarctica. Their ability to form nitrogen-fixing nodules confers a selective advantage in poor soils. ...
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Coleophora Elaeagnisella
The speckled casebearer moth (''Coleophora elaeagnisella'') is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in North America, from the Great Lakes northward, including Michigan and Ontario. The larvae feed on the leaves of ''Elaeagnus'', ''Hippophae'' and ''Shepherdia ''Shepherdia'', commonly called buffaloberry or bullberry, is a genus of small shrubs in the Elaeagnaceae family. The plants are native to northern and western North America. They are non-legume nitrogen fixers. ''Shepherdia'' is dioecious, with ...'' species. They create a pistol-shaped case. References elaeagnisella Moths described in 1908 Moths of North America {{Coleophoridae-stub ...
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Ectropis Crepuscularia
The engrailed and small engrailed (''Ectropis crepuscularia'') are moths of the family Geometridae found from the British Isles through central and eastern Europe to the Russian Far East and Kazakhstan. The western Mediterranean and Asia Minor and the Caucasus represent the southern limit of the distribution (with the Balkan countries). In the north, the distribution area ends at the Arctic Circle. It also occurs in North America. Debate exists as to whether they make up one species, or whether ''E. crepuscularia'' actually refers only to the small engrailed, with the engrailed proper being separable as ''E. bistortata''. The ground colour of the wings is buff or grey, variably marked with darker fascia and a pale postdiscal crossline. The darker markings are not usually as strong as in the rather similar willow beauty. Melanic forms occur fairly frequently. The wingspan is . One or two broods are produced each year. In the British Isles, the adults can be seen at any time be ...
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Thomas Nuttall
Thomas Nuttall (5 January 1786 – 10 September 1859) was an England, English botany, botanist and zoologist who lived and worked in America from 1808 until 1841. Nuttall was born in the village of Long Preston, near Settle, North Yorkshire, Settle in the West Riding of Yorkshire and spent some years as an apprentice printer in England. Soon after going to the United States he met professor Benjamin Smith Barton in Philadelphia. Barton encouraged his strong interest in natural history. Early explorations in the United States In 1810 he travelled to the Great Lakes and in 1811 travelled on the Astor Expedition led by William Price Hunt on behalf of John Jacob Astor up the Missouri River. Nuttall was accompanied by the English botanist John Bradbury (naturalist), John Bradbury, who was collecting plants on behalf of Liverpool botanical gardens. Nuttall and Bradbury left the party at the trading post with the Arikara Indians in South Dakota, and continued farther upriver with Rams ...
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Cengage Learning
Cengage Group is an American educational content, technology, and services company for the higher education, K-12, professional, and library markets. It operates in more than 20 countries around the world.(Jun 27, 2014Global Publishing Leaders 2014: Cengage publishersweekly.comCompany Info - Wall Street JournalCengage LearningCompany Overview of Cengage Learning, Inc.
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The company is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, and has approximately 5,000 employees worldwide across nearly 38 countries. It was headquartered at its Stamford, Connecticut, office until April 2014.

Cranberry Sauce
Cranberry sauce or cranberry jam is a sauce or relish made out of cranberries, commonly served as a condiment or a side dish with Thanksgiving dinner in North America and Christmas dinner in the United Kingdom and Canada. There are differences in flavor depending on the geography of where the sauce is made: in Europe it is generally slightly sour-tasting, while in North America it is typically more heavily sweetened. History The recipe for cranberry sauce appears in the 1796 edition of '' The Art of Cookery'' by Amelia Simmons, the first known cookbook authored by an American. In 1606, the Mi'kmaq people introduced the French settlers in Port Royal, Nova Scotia to Cranberries. They would have been sweetened with maple sugar and served at the settlers first Thanksgiving in North America that year. The settlers described eating what they called “small red apples" in letters send back to France. Port-Royal reports contained menus describing cranberries. They are still called â ...
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