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Sawflies
Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is paraphyletic, consisting of several basal groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the Apocrita which are not sawflies. The primary distinction between sawflies and the Apocrita – the ants, bees, and wasps – is that the adults lack a "wasp waist", and instead have a broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax. Some sawflies are Batesian mimics of wasps and bees, and the ovipositor can be mistaken for a stinger. Sawflies vary in leng ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sawfly (Nematus Miliaris) Larvae
Sawflies are the insects of the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. The name is associated especially with the Tenthredinoidea, by far the largest Taxonomic rank#Ranks in zoology, superfamily in the suborder, with about 7,000 known species; in the entire suborder, there are 8,000 described species in more than 800 genera. Symphyta is paraphyly, paraphyletic, consisting of several Basal (phylogenetics), basal groups within the order Hymenoptera, each one rooted inside the previous group, ending with the Apocrita which are not sawflies. The primary distinction between sawflies and the Apocrita – the ants, bees, and wasps – is that the adults lack a "wasp waist", and instead have a broad connection between the abdomen and the Thorax (insect anatomy), thorax. Some sawflies are Batesian mimicry, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xyeloidea
The Xyelidae are a comparatively species-poor family of sawflies comprising about 80 extant species in five genera worldwide and is the only family in the superfamily Xyeloidea. The fossil record of the family is extensive, comprising more than 120 species and including the oldest fossil Hymenoptera species dating back to the Triassic, between 245 and 208 million years ago. Xyelidae are to be regarded as living fossils since they represent one of the oldest lineages of insects and include still extant forms. The extant species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in boreal regions of the Holarctic, though there are a few Oriental species. Two genera and about 15 species occur in Europe.Taeger, A., Blank, S.M. & Liston, A. D. 2006: European Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) – A Species Checklist for the Countries. Pp. 399-504. In: Blank, S.M., Schmidt, S. & Taeger, A. (eds): Recent Sawfly Research: Synthesis and Prospects. Goecke & Evers, Keltern.Blank, S.M. 2002: Biosyste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiphydrioidea
Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a range of trees. They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads. The oldest fossils of the group are from the mid Cretaceous. Genera These 29 genera belong to the family Xiphydriidae: * '' Alloxiphia'' Wei, 2002 * '' Austrocyrta'' Riek, 1955 * '' Austroxiphyda'' Jennings, Macdonald, Schiff & Parslow, 2021 * '' Brachyxiphus'' Philippi, 1871 * '' Calexiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Carinoxiphia'' Wei, 1999 * '' Derecyrta'' Smith, 1860 * '' Eoxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Euxiphydria'' Semenov-Tian-Shanskii & Gussakovskii, 1935 * '' Genaxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Gryponeura'' Benson, 1954 * '' Heteroxiphia'' Saini & Singh, 1987 * '' Hyperxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Indoxiphia'' Maa, 1949 * '' Lataxiphyda'' Smith, 2008 * '' Lissoxiphy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tenthredinoidea
The Tenthredinoidea are the dominant superfamily of sawflies within the Symphyta, containing some 8,400 species worldwide, primarily in the family Tenthredinidae. All known larvae are phytophagous, and a number are considered pests. The included extant families share the distinctive features of a medially narrowed pronotum, paired protibial spurs, and the loss of the transverse mesonotal groove. The superfamily also includes two extinct families. Meicai and Haiyan (1998) identified 66 extant tribes and 17 subfamilies. Taxonomy Families *Argidae Konow, 1890 (58 genera, 897 spp.) * Blasticotomidae Thomson, 1871 (3 genera, 13 spp.) * Cimbicidae W. Kirby, 1837 (16 genera, 182 spp.) *Diprionidae Rohwer, 1910 (11 genera, 136 spp.) * Pergidae Rohwer, 1911 (60 genera, 442 spp.) *Tenthredinidae Tenthredinidae is the largest family of sawflies, with well over 7,500 species worldwide, divided into 430 genera. Larvae are herbivores and typically feed on the foliage of trees a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdomen
The abdomen (colloquially called the belly, tummy, midriff, tucky or stomach) is the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The abdomen is the front part of the abdominal segment of the torso. The area occupied by the abdomen is called the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior (anatomy), posterior tagma (biology), tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. In humans, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between Lumbar vertebrae, L5 and Vertebra#Sacrum, S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic inlet. The space above this inlet and under the thoracic diaphragm is termed the abdominal cavity. The boundary of the abdominal cavity is the abdominal wall in the front and the peritoneal surface at the rear. In vertebrates, the abdomen is a large body c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocrita
Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera. It includes wasps, bees, and ants, and consists of many families. It contains the most advanced hymenopterans and is distinguished from Symphyta by the narrow "waist" ( petiole) formed between the first two segments of the actual abdomen; the first abdominal segment is fused to the thorax, and is called the propodeum. Therefore, it is general practice, when discussing the body of an apocritan in a technical sense, to refer to the mesosoma and metasoma (or gaster) rather than the "thorax" and "abdomen", respectively. The evolution of a constricted waist was an important adaption for the parasitoid lifestyle of the ancestral apocritan, allowing more maneuverability of the female's ovipositor. The ovipositor either extends freely or is retracted, and may be developed into a stinger for both defense and paralyzing prey. Larvae are legless and blind, and either feed inside a host (plant or animal) or in a nest cell provisio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ovipositor
The ovipositor is a tube-like organ used by some animals, especially insects, for the laying of eggs. In insects, an ovipositor consists of a maximum of three pairs of appendages. The details and morphology of the ovipositor vary, but typically its form is adapted to functions such as preparing a place for the egg, transmitting the egg, and then placing it properly. For most insects, the organ is used merely to attach the egg to some surface, but for many parasitic species (primarily in wasps and other Hymenoptera), it is a piercing organ as well. Some ovipositors only retract partly when not in use, and the basal part that sticks out is known as the scape, or more specifically oviscape, the word ''scape'' deriving from the Latin word '' scāpus'', meaning "stalk" or "shaft". In insects Grasshoppers use their ovipositors to force a burrow into the earth to receive the eggs. Cicadas pierce the wood of twigs with their ovipositors to insert the eggs. Sawflies slit the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diprion Pini
''Diprion pini'', the common pine sawfly, is a sawfly species in the family Diprionidae. It is a serious pest of economic forestry, capable of defoliating large areas of pine forest. A major effect of the herbivore disturbance of ''Diprion pini'' is climate change. Since it feeds until late in the autumn, affected trees are weakened and often die in the subsequent winter. The species is found all across Europe, with outliers elsewhere. It affects the Scots pine, mountain pine, eastern white pine, Monterey pine, lodgepole pine and black pine. Scots pines are not generally killed by a single defoliation, but weakened trees may suffer increased attack by bark beetles, buprestid beetles, and pine weevils, which can kill trees, as can repeated defoliation. During high rates of defoliation, the growth rate of pines decreases significantly. Diprion pini 2 beentree.jpg, Mass of larvae on pine tree File:Diprion pini 1 beentree.jpg, Larval damage to pine Diprion pini - metamorphosis A - ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siricoidea
The superfamily Siricoidea is an archaic group of the order Hymenoptera, consisting of six families (four extinct) of xylophagous sawflies. The group is well represented in early Tertiary and Mesozoic times, but a number of living taxa remain, including the family Anaxyelidae, which has recently been linked to this group (it was previously placed in the Xyeloidea). The female ovipositor is typically long and projects posteriorly, and is used to drill into wood. Families These six families belong to the superfamily Siricoidea: * Siricidae (horntails) * Xiphydriidae Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae larvae are wood borers in dead trees or branches of a ran ... (wood wasps, sometimes treated as a separate superfamily, Xiphydrioidea) * † Daohugoidae * † Protosiricidae * † Pseudosiricidae * † Sinosiricidae References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pamphilioidea
The Pamphilioidea are a small superfamily within the Symphyta (the sawflies), containing some 250 living species restricted to the temperate regions of Eurasia and North America. These hymenopterans share the distinctive feature of a very large, almost prognathous head, which is widest ventrally. The superfamily contains two extant families. The Pamphiliidae are the leaf-rolling or web-spinning sawflies such as ''Acantholyda'', ''Neurotoma'', and ''Pamphilius'' whose larvae eat plants such as conifers; the adults have simple filiform antennae. The Megalodontesidae include genera such as '' Megalodontes'' and several fossil groups. Their larvae eat herbaceous plants, while the adults have serrate or pectinate antennae. References Bibliography * , in Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An Outline of Higher-level Classification and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013) * Rasnitsyn, Alexandr P.; Zhang, Haichun & Wang, Bo (2006): Bizarre fossil insects: web-spinning s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karatavitoidea
Karatavitidae is an extinct family of sawflies, known from the Jurassic period, they are the only members of the superfamily Karatavitoidea. While once proposed to be grouped with the Orussoidea in the infraorder Orussomorpha, they are now considered to be the closest relatives of clade containing Orussoidea and Apocrita. There are about 7 genera in Karatavitidae. Genera These seven genera belong to the family Karatavitidae: * † '' Grimmaratavites'' Rasnitsyn, Ansorge & Zhang, 2006 Green Series, Germany, Early Jurassic (Toarcian) * † '' Karatavites'' Rasnitsyn, 1963 Karabastau Formation Kazakhstan, Middle-Late Jurassic (Callovian/ Oxfordian), Daohugou The Haifanggou Formation (), also known as the Jiulongshan Formation (), is a fossil-bearing rock deposit located near Daohugou () village of Ningcheng County, in Inner Mongolia, northeastern China. The formation consists of coarse conglomerates ..., China, Callovian * † '' Postxiphydria'' Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2010 Karabast ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephoidea
Cephoidea is a small superfamily within the Symphyta, commonly referred to as stem sawflies, containing some 100 species in 10 genera in the living family, Cephidae, plus another 17 genera in the extinct family Sepulcidae. Most species occur in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Eurasia. The larvae are stem borers in various plants, especially grasses, but sometimes other herbaceous plants, shrubs, or trees. A few are pests of cereal grains (e.g. ''Cephus cinctus'', which attacks wheat). They are exceptionally slender for symphytans, often resembling other types of wasps, and they are the only Symphyta which lack cenchri. They are sometimes postulated to be the sister taxon to the Apocrita, though the Orussidae The Orussidae or the parasitic wood wasps represent a small family of sawflies (" Symphyta"). Currently, about 93 extant and four fossil species are known. They take a key position in phylogenetic analyses of Hymenoptera, because they form the s ... are more common ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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