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Ramu–Lower Sepik Languages
The Ramu–Lower Sepik Lower Sepik–Ramu languages are a proposed family of about 35 Papuan languages spoken in the Ramu and Sepik river basins of northern Papua New Guinea. These languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones. Overview Two primary branches are typically accepted: * Lower Sepik (Nor–Pondo) *Ramu However, Foley (2018) also considers the possibility of Grass being a third primary branch. Usher classifies some of the Grass languages (the Keram languages) as being coordinate with Ramu, and some (the Porapora languages) as being part of Ramu. The relatedness of the three branches are held together by morphological evidence, as very few lexical cognates are shared among them. The family was proposed by William A. Foley and accepted by Malcolm Ross. Its two branches, Ramu and Lower Sepik, had belonged to Donald Laycock's now-defunct 1973 Sepik–Ramu proposal. If related, they are not close. The connection is not ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country in Oceania that comprises the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and its offshore islands in Melanesia (a region of the southwestern Pacific Ocean north of Australia). Its capital, located along its southeastern coast, is Port Moresby. The country is the world's third largest island country, with an area of . At the national level, after being ruled by three external powers since 1884, including nearly 60 years of Australian administration starting during World War I, Papua New Guinea established its sovereignty in 1975. It became an independent Commonwealth realm in 1975 with Elizabeth II as its queen. It also became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations in its own right. There are 839 known languages of Papua New Guinea, one of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Søren Wichmann
Søren Wichmann (born 1964) is a Danish linguist specializing in historical linguistics, linguistic typology, Mesoamerican languages, and epigraphy. Since June 2016, he has been employed as a University Lecturer at Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden University, after having worked at different institutions in Denmark, Mexico, Germany and Russia, including, during 2003-2015, the Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Wichmann's PhD dissertation, from the University of Copenhagen, treated the Azoyú variety of Tlapanec spoken in Guerrero, Mexico. He has written extensively about Mayan, Oto-Manguean and Mixe–Zoquean languages. He has done fieldwork on Mixe, Texistepec Popoluca and Tlapanec. Regarding Mixe–Zoquean, he has done comparative work resulting in the currently most accepted classification of the Mixe–Zoquean language family as well as a reconstruction of its vocabulary and grammar (Wichmann 1995). He also speci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mikarew Language
Aruamu a.k.a. Mikarew (Mikarup, Makarup, Makarub), also ''Ariawiai (Mikarew-Ariaw),'' is a Ramu language spoken in Mikarew village () of Yawar Rural LLG, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i .... References Misegian languages Languages of Madang Province {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ap Ma Language
Kambot Ap Ma (Ap Ma Botin, Botin, also ''Karaube''), is a Keram language of Papua New Guinea. Compared to its nearest relative, Ambakich, Kambot drops the first segment from polysyllabic words. Kambot is spoken in Kambot village (), Keram Rural LLG, East Sepik Province. Classification Kambot was assigned to the Grass family within Ramu by Laycock and Z'graggen (1975). Foley (2005) finds the data does not support this assignment, but re-adds them to the Grass family in 2018. Foley and Ross (2005) agree that the language belongs to the Ramu – Lower Sepik family.Andrew Pawley, 2005, ''Papuan pasts'', p 56. Usher restores it to the Ramu family, but closer to the Mongol–Langam languages. Phonology Ap Ma consonants are: : Pronouns Foley (1986) proposed that Kambot had borrowed its pronouns from the Iatmul language of the Sepik family (Ndu languages The Ndu languages are the best known family of the Sepik languages of East Sepik Province in northern Papua New Guinea. ''N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iatmul Language
Iatmul is the language of the Iatmul people, spoken around the Sepik River in the East Sepik Province, northern Papua New Guinea. The Iatmul, however, do not refer to their language by the term Iatmul, but call it ''gepmakudi'' ("village language", from gepma = "village" and kudi "speech"; pronounced as ). There are about 8,400 Iatmul traditionally organized in villages, whereas a total amount of 46,000 speakers is estimated. The inhabitants of the villages are trilingual, being fluent with Tok Pisin, good with Iatmul and having some knowledge of English. Tok Pisin is also the first language of the youngest children, despite efforts to revise this trend. An extensive grammar of Iatmul has been recently written by Gerd Jendraschek as a postdoctoral thesis. Typological profile Iatmul is part of the Ndu language family, which consists of at least six languages in which ''ndu'' is the word for 'man'. Together with Manambu it is the southernmost language of the Ndu family, spoken ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Boiken Language
Boiken (Nucum, Yangoru) is one of the more populous of the Ndu languages of Sepik River region of northern Papua New Guinea. It is spoken around Boiken Creek in Yangoru-Saussia District, East Sepik Province and adjacent islands off the north coast of northern Papua New Guinea. Phonology References External links * Paradisec houses two collections of Arthur Capell Arthur Capell (28 March 1902 – 10 August 1986) was an Australian linguist, who made major contributions to the study of Australian languages, Austronesian languages and Papuan languages. Early life Capell was born in Newtown, New South Wales ...'s materials that include BoikenAC1anAC2 as well as notes from Don Laycock's workDL2 all of these collections are open access. Languages of East Sepik Province Ndu languages {{papuan-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ambulas Language
Abelam (or Ambulas, Abulas) is the most prevalent of the Ndu languages of Sepik River region of northern Papua New Guinea. Dialects are Maprik, Wingei, Wosera-Kamu, Wosera-Mamu. Phonology , u The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline (t ...may be heard as a realization of the sequences /əj/, /əw/ or resulting in syllabic forms of /j, w/. References External linksOLAC resources in and about the Ambulas language From the Anthony Forge Papers. MSS 411. Special Collections & Archives, UC San Diego. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kwanga Language
Kwanga (Gawanga) is a Sepik language spoken in Gawanga Rural LLG of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. Classification There are two main dialects, and five subdialects. The 14th (2000) edition of ''Ethnologue ''Ethnologue: Languages of the World'' (stylized as ''Ethnoloɠue'') is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensiv ...'' classified ''Apos, Bongos, Wasambu,'' and ''Yubanakor'' as distinct languages, and assigned them the ISO codes ''apo, bxy, wsm,'' and ''yuo'', respectively. They have since been subsumed under Kwanga. Dialects are: *Apos () *Bongos (Bongomaise, Bongomamsi, Kambaminchi, Nambi) (, ) *Tau (Kubiwat, Mangamba, Nambes) (, ) *Wasambu () *Yubanakor (Daina) (, , ) References {{DEFAULTSORT:Kwanga Language Nukuma languages Languages of East Sepik Province Languages of Sandaun Province ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iwam Language
May River Iwam, often simply referred to as Iwam, is a language of East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. It is spoken in Iyomempwi (), Mowi (), and Premai villages of Tunap/Hunstein Rural LLG in East Sepik Province, and other villages on the May River. Phonology Vowels In non-final positions, , , and are , , and , respectively. appears only in nonfinal syllables. When adjacent to nasal consonants, vowels are nasalized; nasalization may also occur when adjacent to word boundaries. Consonants and are voiced fricatives ( and ) respectively) when intervocalic and unreleased when final ( is also unreleased when final). is a nasal flap () word-initially and between vowels. is initially and may otherwise be palatalized . Sequences of any consonant and are neutralized before where an offglide is always heard. Phonotactics Bilabial and velar consonants and may be followed by when initial. Other initial clusters include , , , , and and final clusters are or f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abau Language
Abau is a Papuan language spoken in southern Sandaun Province of Papua New Guinea, primarily along the border with Indonesia. In 2002, there were estimated to be between 4,500 and 5,000 speakers, and this number does not appear to have declined since the first accurate count in the 1970s. Abau is reported to have whistled speech. Phonology Abau has the simplest phonemic inventory in the Sepik language family. Pronouns Pronouns are: : The dual and plural numbers only distinguish between first person and non-first person. Also, the third-person gender distinction exists only for the singular, but not the dual or plural forms. Noun classes Abau noun classes are: : Nouns can take on different class affixes depending on the physical characteristics being emphasized. Examples: ;''su'' ‘coconut’ *''su pi-ron'' /coconut class.5-one/ ‘a coconut palm’ *''su ka-mon'' /coconut class.2-one/ ‘a coconut’ ;''pey'' ‘sugarcane’ *''pey pi-ron'' /sugarcane class.5-one/ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Language Contact
Language contact occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact and influence each other. The study of language contact is called contact linguistics. When speakers of different languages interact closely, it is typical for their languages to influence each other. Language contact can occur at language borders, between adstratum languages, or as the result of migration, with an intrusive language acting as either a superstratum or a substratum. Language contact occurs in a variety of phenomena, including language convergence, borrowing and relexification. The common products include pidgins, creoles, code-switching, and mixed languages. In many other cases, contact between speakers occurs but the lasting effects on the language are less visible; they may, however, include loan words, calques or other types of borrowed material. Multilingualism has likely been common throughout much of human history, and today most people in the world are multilingual. Meth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Creolization
Creolization is the process through which creole languages and cultures emerge. Creolization was first used by linguists to explain how contact languages become creole languages, but now scholars in other social sciences use the term to describe new cultural expressions brought about by contact between societies and relocated peoples. Creolization is traditionally used to refer to the Caribbean, although it is not exclusive to the Caribbean and some scholars use the term to represent other diasporas. Furthermore, creolization occurs when participants select cultural elements that may become part of or inherited culture. Sociologist Robin Cohen writes that creolization occurs when “participants select particular elements from incoming or inherited cultures, endow these with meanings different from those they possessed in the original cultures, and then creatively merge these to create new varieties that supersede the prior forms.” Beginning According to Charles Stewart, the conce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
