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Octopodiformes
Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass Coleoidea, comprising the octopuses and the vampire squid. All living members of Octopodiformes have eight arms, either lacking the two tentacles of squid (as is the case in octopuses) or modifying the tentacles into thin filaments (as in vampire squid). Octopodiformes is often considered the crown group of octopuses and vampire squids, including all descendants of their common ancestor. Some authors use the term Vampyropoda for the same general category, though others use "Vampyropoda" to refer to the total group (all cephalopods closer to octopods than to true squid). Another term is Octobranchia, referring to cephalopods without prominent tentacles. '' Pohlsepia'', originally described as earliest octopod is considered as dubious for this group in later study. The oldest unambiguous vampyropod is '' Syllipsimopodi'', a squid-like cephalopod from the Mississippian-age Bear Gulch Lagerstätte of Montana. ''Syllipsimopodi'' has a co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coleoidea
Subclass (biology), Subclass Coleoidea, or Dibranchiata, is the grouping of cephalopods containing all the various taxa popularly thought of as "soft-bodied" or "shell-less" (i.e., octopuses, squid and cuttlefish). Unlike its extant sister group, Nautiloidea, whose members have a rigid outer shell for protection, the coleoids have at most an internal cuttlebone, gladius (cephalopod), gladius, or shell that is used for buoyancy or support. Some species have lost their cuttlebone altogether, while in some it has been replaced by a chitinous support structure. A unique trait of the group is the ability to edit their own RNA. The major divisions of Coleoidea are based upon the number of cephalopod limb, arms or tentacles and their structure. The extinct and most primitive form, the Belemnoidea, presumably had ten equally-sized arms in five pairs numbered Dorsum (biology), dorsal to ventral as I, II, III, IV and V. More modern species either modified or lost a pair of arms. The superor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vampyromorphida
Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods comprising one known extant species (''Vampyroteuthis infernalis'') and many extinct taxa. Physically, they somewhat resemble octopuses (their closest relatives), but the eight arms are united by a web of skin, and two smaller cilia are also present. Properly speaking, the vampire squid does not possess cilia, but cirri (cilia-like projections). Classification *Order Vampyromorphida **Suborder †Kelaenina ***Family †Muensterellidae **Suborder †Prototeuthina ***Family †Loligosepiidae ***Family †Geopeltididae ***Family †Lioteuthididae ***Family †Mastigophoridae **Suborder †Mesoteuthina ***Family †Palaeololiginidae ****Subfamily †Teudopseinae ****Subfamily †Palaeololigininae **Suborder Vampyromorphina ***Family Vampyroteuthidae The following taxa were long considered to belong to Vampyromorphida, but this placement may be incorrect:Fischer, Jean-Claude & Riou, Bernard (2002): ''Vampyronassa rhodanica'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephalopoda
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head, and a set of arms or tentacles (muscular hydrostats) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishers sometimes call cephalopods "inkfish", referring to their common ability to squirt ink. The study of cephalopods is a branch of malacology known as teuthology. Cephalopods became dominant during the Ordovician period, represented by primitive nautiloids. The class now contains two, only distantly related, extant subclasses: Coleoidea, which includes octopuses, squid, and cuttlefish; and Nautiloidea, represented by ''Nautilus'' and ''Allonautilus''. In the Coleoidea, the molluscan shell has been internalized or is absent, whereas in the Nautiloidea, the external shell remains. About 800 living species of cephalopods have been identified. Tw ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vampire Squid
The vampire squid (''Vampyroteuthis infernalis'', lit. 'vampire squid from hell') is a small cephalopod found throughout temperate and tropical oceans in extreme deep sea conditions. The vampire squid uses its bioluminescent organs and its unique oxygen metabolism to thrive in the parts of the ocean with the lowest concentrations of oxygen. It has two long retractile filaments, located between the first two pairs of arms on its dorsal side, which distinguish it from both octopuses and squids, and places it in its own order, Vampyromorphida, although its closest relatives are octopods. As a phylogenetic relict, it is the only known surviving member of its order. The first specimens were collected on the Valdivia Expedition and were originally described as an octopus in 1903 by German teuthologist Carl Chun, but later assigned to a new order together with several extinct taxa. Discovery The vampire squid was discovered during the Valdivia Expedition (1898–1899), led by Carl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syllipsimopodi
''Syllipsimopodi'' is an extinct member of the cephalopod subclass Coleoidea belonging to the clade Vampyropoda, which includes octopuses (Octopoda) and vampire squids (Vampyromorphida). The type and only known species is ''Syllipsimopodi bideni'', named in honor of US President Joe Biden, and to raise awareness of his climate change policies. The well-preserved holotype fossil was found in the Bear Gulch Limestone deposit in the US state of Montana in 1988, and donated that year to the Royal Ontario Museum by one B. Hawes, designated ROMIP 64897. The species lived during the (Carboniferous) mississippian 330.3 to 323.4 million years ago pushing back the group of cephalopods by 81.9 million years. The cephalopod was named after Joe Biden, who was president of the United States at the time of its discovery. Whalen and Landman said in an interview that this name was chosen because they were, “encouraged by his plans to address climate change and to fund scientific research†... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decapodiformes
Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda comprising all cephalopod species with ten limbs, specifically eight short arms and two long tentacles. It is hypothesized that the ancestral coleoid had five identical pairs of limbs, and that one branch of descendants evolved a modified arm pair IV to become the Decapodiformes, while another branch of descendants evolved and then eventually lost its arm pair II, becoming the Octopodiformes. The Decapodiformes include: *Order Spirulida: ram's horn squid *Order Sepiida: cuttlefish, pygmy, bobtail and bottletail squid *Order Myopsida: coastal squid *Order Oegopsida Oegopsida is one of the two orders of squid in the superorder Decapodiformes, in the class Cephalopoda. Together with the Myopsina, it was formerly considered to be a suborder of the order Teuthida, in which case it was known as Oegopsina. This ...: neritic squid References Further reading *abstract External links The Taxonomicon: Superorder Decapodiformes Coleo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stem-group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. It is thus a way of defining a clade, a group consisting of a species and all its extant or extinct descendants. For example, Neornithes (birds) can be defined as a crown group, which includes the most recent common ancestor of all modern birds, and all of its extant or extinct descendants. The concept was developed by Willi Hennig, the formulator of phylogenetic systematics, as a way of classifying living organisms relative to their extinct relatives in his "Die Stammesgeschichte der Insekten", and the "crown" and "stem" group terminology was coined by R. P. S. Jefferies in 1979. Though formulated in the 1970s, the term was not commonly used until its reintroduction in 2000 by Graham Budd and Sören Jensen. Contents of the crown gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of buoyancy. Cuttlefish have large, W-shaped pupils, eight arms, and two tentacles furnished with denticulated suckers, with which they secure their prey. They generally range in size from , with the largest species, the giant cuttlefish (''Sepia apama''), reaching in mantle length and over in mass. Cuttlefish eat small molluscs, crabs, shrimp, fish, octopus, worms, and other cuttlefish. Their predators include dolphins, sharks, fish, seals, seabirds, and other cuttlefish. The typical life expectancy of a cuttlefish is about 1–2 years. Studies are said to indicate cuttlefish to be among the most intelligent invertebrates. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Incertae Sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty at specific taxonomic levels is indicated by ' (of uncertain family), ' (of uncertain suborder), ' (of uncertain order) and similar terms. Examples *The fossil plant '' Paradinandra suecica'' could not be assigned to any family, but was placed ''incertae sedis'' within the order Ericales when described in 2001. * The fossil ''Gluteus minimus'', described in 1975, could not be assigned to any known animal phylum. The genus is therefore ''incertae sedis'' within the kingdom Animalia. * While it was unclear to which order the New World vultures (family Cathartidae) should be assigned, they were placed in Aves ''incertae sedis''. It was later agreed to place them in a separate order, Cathartiformes. * Bocage's longbill, ''Motacilla bocagii' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muensterellidae
Muensterellidae is a family of stem-octopod cephalopods from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Phylogeny Muensterellidae is one of two families in the superfamily Muensterelloidea along with the Patelloctopodidae. The muensterelloids are characterized by having a roughly spoon-shaped end of the gladius ''Gladius'' () is a Latin word meaning "sword" (of any type), but in its narrow sense it refers to the sword of ancient Roman foot soldiers. Early ancient Roman swords were similar to those of the Greeks, called '' xiphe'' (plural; singular ''xi ... called the patella. This type of gladius is likely ancestral to the gladius remnants of modern octopuses. References {{Taxonbar, from=Q30434538 Octopuses Prehistoric cephalopod families ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muensterelloidea
Muensterelloidea is a superfamily (or clade) of stem-octopod cephalopods from the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Two families are currently identified, Muensterellidae, and Patelloctopodidae. The clade is the ancestral group from which modern octopus arose. Description Overall Soft tissue anatomy within the Muensterelloidea is well-documented. Muenster (1842), who first recorded the holotype specimen of ''Muensterella'', noted its egg-shaped anatomy and apparent lack of swimming fins.Fuchs, D., Keupp, H., & Engeser, T. (2003). New records of soft parts of Muensterella scutellaris Muenster, 1842 (Coleoidea) from the Late Jurassic Plattenkalks of Eichstätt and their significance for octobrachian relationships. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen, 3, 101-111. Indeed, in all preserved specimens the same body structure is present, with all lacking a distinct swimming fin. Fuchs ''et al.'' (2003) suggested it possessed marginal fins, as a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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