Octopodiformes is a superorder of the subclass
Coleoidea, comprising the
octopus
An octopus ( : octopuses or octopodes, see below for variants) is a soft-bodied, eight- limbed mollusc of the order Octopoda (, ). The order consists of some 300 species and is grouped within the class Cephalopoda with squids, cuttlefish, ...
es and the
vampire squid. All living members of Octopodiformes have eight
arms, either lacking the two tentacles of squid (as is the case in octopuses) or modifying the tentacles into thin filaments (as in vampire squid). Octopodiformes is often considered the
crown group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor ...
of octopuses and vampire squids, including all descendants of their common ancestor. Some authors use the term Vampyropoda for the same general category, though others use "Vampyropoda" to refer to the
total group
In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor. ...
(all cephalopods closer to octopods than to true squid). Another term is Octobranchia, referring to cephalopods without prominent tentacles.
''
Pohlsepia'', originally described as earliest octopod is considered as dubious for this group in later study.
The oldest unambiguous vampyropod is ''
Syllipsimopodi
''Syllipsimopodi'' is an extinct member of the cephalopod subclass Coleoidea belonging to the clade Vampyropoda, which includes octopuses (Octopoda) and vampire squids (Vampyromorphida). The type and only known species is ''Syllipsimopodi bid ...
'', a squid-like cephalopod from the
Mississippian-age
Bear Gulch Lagerstätte of
Montana
Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columb ...
. ''Syllipsimopodi'' has a combination of squid-like features (like 10 arms) and octopod-like features (like biserial suckers and a simplified internal shell).
Classification
*Class
Cephalopoda
A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda ( Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head ...
**Subclass
Nautiloidea
Nautiloids are a group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) which originated in the Late Cambrian and are represented today by the living ''Nautilus'' and '' Allonautilus''. Fossil nautiloids are diverse and speciose, with over 2,500 recorded specie ...
: nautilus
**Subclass †
Ammonoidea
Ammonoids are a group of extinct marine mollusc animals in the subclass Ammonoidea of the class Cephalopoda. These molluscs, commonly referred to as ammonites, are more closely related to living coleoids (i.e., octopuses, squid and cuttlefis ...
: ammonites
**Subclass
Coleoidea
***Superorder
Decapodiformes:
squid
True squid are molluscs with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the superorder Decapodiformes, though many other molluscs within the broader Neocoleoidea are also called squid despite not strictly fittin ...
,
cuttlefish
Cuttlefish or cuttles are marine molluscs of the order Sepiida. They belong to the class Cephalopoda which also includes squid, octopuses, and nautiluses. Cuttlefish have a unique internal shell, the cuttlebone, which is used for control of ...
***Clade Vampyropoda
****Genus †''
Syllipsimopodi
''Syllipsimopodi'' is an extinct member of the cephalopod subclass Coleoidea belonging to the clade Vampyropoda, which includes octopuses (Octopoda) and vampire squids (Vampyromorphida). The type and only known species is ''Syllipsimopodi bid ...
''
****Genus †''
Proteroctopus''
****Superorder Octopodiformes / Octobranchia
*****Family †
Trachyteuthididae (''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
*****Order
Vampyromorphida: vampire squid
*****Clade:
Muensterelloidea
Muensterelloidea is a superfamily (or clade) of stem- octopod cephalopods from the Early Jurassic to Late Cretaceous. Two families are currently identified, Muensterellidae, and Patelloctopodidae. The clade is the ancestral group from which mod ...
******Family: †
Muensterellidae
Muensterellidae is a family of stem- octopod cephalopods from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous.
Phylogeny
Muensterellidae is one of two families in the superfamily Muensterelloidea along with the Patelloctopodidae. The muensterelloids are ...
******Family: †
Patelloctopodidae
Patelloctopodidae is a family of stem- octopod cephalopods from the Middle and Late Jurassic of Europe. Five genera are currently placed in the family, '' Etchesia, Muenstellerina,'' '' Patelloctopus,'' '' Pearciteuthis'' and '' Tyrionella,'' Pa ...
******Order
Octopoda
******* Genus †''
Keuppia
''Keuppia'' is an extinct genus of octopus.
Taxonomy
It consists of two species, ''Keuppia hyperbolaris'' and ''Keuppia levante'', both of which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Both species were found in fossilized form, which is very u ...
''
(''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
******* Genus †''
Palaeoctopus
''Palaeoctopus newboldi'' is an extinct basal octopod that lived in the Late Cretaceous, approximately 89 to 71 million years ago. Fossil material assigned to this species originates from the Mount Hajoula region in Lebanon. The holotype was f ...
''
(''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
******* Genus †''
Paleocirroteuthis''
(''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
******* Genus †''
Proteroctopus''
(''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
******* Genus †''
Styletoctopus
''Styletoctopus'' is an extinct genus of octopus. The genus consists of the single species ''Styletoctopus annae'', which lived approximately 95 million years ago. Very few octopus species appear in the fossil record, as octopuses consist of soft ...
''
(''incertae sedis
' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertain ...
'')
*******Suborder
Cirrina: finned deep-sea octopus
********Family
Opisthoteuthidae
Umbrella octopuses ( family Opisthoteuthidae) are a group of pelagic octopuses. Umbrella octopuses are characterized by a web of skin between the tentacles, causing them to somewhat resemble an opened umbrella when the tentacles are spread.
...
: umbrella octopus
********Family
Cirroteuthidae
Cirroteuthidae is a family of cirrate octopuses comprising three species in two genera.
Species
*Genus ''Cirroteuthis''
**'' Cirroteuthis muelleri''
*Genus '' Cirrothauma''
**'' Cirrothauma magna''
**''Cirrothauma murrayi
''Cirrothauma murray ...
********Family
Stauroteuthidae
''Stauroteuthis'' is a genus of deepwater octopus, a cephalopod mollusk. This is the only genus in the family Stauroteuthidae, and only two species have been described in this genus.
The organisms live below water depth; although sometimes fo ...
*******Suborder
Incirrina
********Family
Amphitretidae
Amphitretidae is a family of mesopelagic octopods which contains three subfamilies, formerly classified as families in their own right. It is classified in the superfamily Octopodoidea. Species in the family Amphipetridae are characterised by ...
: telescope octopus
********Family
Bolitaenidae: gelatinous octopus
********Family
Octopodidae
The Octopodidae comprise the family containing the majority of known octopus species.
Genera
The World Register of Marine Species lists these genera:
*''Abdopus'' Norman & Finn, 2001
*''Ameloctopus'' Norman, 1992
*''Amphioctopus'' P. Fischer, 1 ...
: benthic octopus
********Family
Vitreledonellidae: glass octopus
********Superfamily
Argonautoidea
Argonautoidea is a super family of the suborder Incirrata containing all known argonautoids.
Classification
*Class Cephalopoda
**Subclass Nautiloidea: nautiluses
**Subclass †Ammonoidea: ammonites
**Subclass Coleoidea
***Superorder Decapod ...
*********Family
Alloposidae
The seven-arm octopus (''Haliphron atlanticus'') is one of the two largest known species of octopus; based on scientific records, it has a maximum estimated total length of and mass of . The only other similarly large extant species is the gian ...
: seven-arm octopus
*********Family
Argonautidae
The Argonautidae are a family of pelagic cephalopods that inhabit tropical and temperate oceans of the world. The family encompasses the modern paper nautiluses of the genus '' Argonauta'' along with several extinct genera of shelled octopo ...
: argonauts
*********Family
Ocythoidae
''Ocythoe tuberculata'', also known as the tuberculate pelagic octopus or football octopus, is a pelagic octopus. It is the only known species in the family Ocythoidae.
''Ocythoe tuberculata'' is found in warm and temperate seas, especially ...
: tuberculate pelagic octopus
*********Family
Tremoctopodidae
''Tremoctopus'' is a genus of pelagic cephalopods, containing four species that occupy surface to mid-waters in subtropical and tropical oceans. They are commonly known as blanket octopuses, in reference to the long, transparent webs that connect ...
: blanket octopus
References
External links
Tree of Life web project: Octopodiformes
Protostome superorders
Extant Pennsylvanian first appearances
{{cephalopod-stub