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Cymarin
Cymarin (or cymarine) is a cardiac glycoside. Plants of the genus ''Apocynum'', including ''Apocynum cannabinum'' and '' Apocynum venetum'', contain cymarin. Cymarin is a cardiac glycoside and an anti-arrhythmia and cardiotonic A cardiac stimulant is a drug which acts as a stimulant of the heart – e.g., via Chronotropic#Positive chronotropes, positive chronotropic action (increased heart rate) and/or Inotrope#Positive inotropic agents, inotropic action (increased myocar ... agent. References External links * Cardenolides {{cardiovascular-drug-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocynum
''Apocynum'', commonly known as dogbane or Indian hemp, is a small genus of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Its name comes from Ancient Greek , from ''apo-'' "away" and ''kyōn'' "dog", referring to dogbane ('' Cionura erecta''), which was used to poison dogs. The genus is native to North America, temperate Asia, and southeastern Europe. ''Apocynum'' species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the queen butterfly and the mouse moth. Uses ''Apocynum cannabinum'' is used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. '' Apocynum venetum'' () is used as an herbal tea in China. Dogbane contains cymarin, a cardiotonic agent formerly used to treat cardiac arrhythmia in humans. Species Almost 300 names have been proposed in the genus for species, subspecies, and forms. , only the following five species and hybrids are currently recognized, with several subspecies and varieties accepted for '' A. androsaemifolium'' and '' A. venetum'' (se ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiac Glycoside
Cardiac glycosides are a class of organic compounds that increase the output force of the heart and decrease its rate of contractions by inhibiting the cellular sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Their beneficial medical uses include treatments for congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias; however, their relative toxicity prevents them from being widely used. Most commonly found as defensive poisons in several plant genera such as ''Digitalis'' (the foxgloves) and '' Asclepias'' (the milkweeds), these compounds nevertheless have a diverse range of biochemical effects regarding cardiac cell function and have also been suggested for use in cancer treatment. Classification General structure The general structure of a cardiac glycoside consists of a steroid molecule attached to a sugar (glycoside) and an R group. The steroid nucleus consists of four fused rings to which other functional groups such as methyl, hydroxyl, and aldehyde groups can be attached to influence th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocynum Cannabinum
''Apocynum cannabinum'' (dogbane, amy root, hemp dogbane, prairie dogbane, Indian hemp, hemp dogsbane, rheumatism root, dogsbane, or wild cotton) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows throughout much of North America—in the southern half of Canada and throughout the United States. It is poisonous to humans, dogs, cats, and horses. All parts of the plant contain toxic cardiac glycosides that can cause potetintally fatal cardiac arrhythmias if ingested. Some Lepidoptera can withstand the toxins and feed on this plant, such as the hummingbird moth. Description ''Apocynum cannabinum'' grows up to tall. The plant stem, stems are reddish and contain a milky latex. The leaves are opposite leaf, opposite, simple leaf, simple, broad, and lanceolate, long and broad, entire, and smooth on top with white hairs on the underside. It flowers from July to August, has large sepals, and a five-lobed white corolla (botany), corolla. The flowers are Hermaphrodite (botany), hermaphrodite, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Apocynum Venetum
''Apocynum venetum'', commonly known as sword-leaf dogbane, is a plant species in the dogbane family that is poisonous but used as a source of fiber, medicine, and nectar for production of honey. Distribution and habitat ''Apocynum venetum'' is considered to be native to a wide range in northern Asia and Southeast Europe: Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia, Siberia, Central Asia, Iran, Iraq, Cyprus, Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, and Japan. It grows in swamps, wet places, and maritime sands. Uses ''Apocynum venetum'' fibers can be extracted from the ''A. venetum'' bast; these fibers possess the luster of silk, smoothness of ramie, malleability of cashmere, and the softness of cotton. ''Apocynum venetum'' leaves have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of hypertension Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a Chronic condition, long-term Disease, medical condition in which the blood pressure in the artery, arteries ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrhythmia
Arrhythmias, also known as cardiac arrhythmias, are irregularities in the cardiac cycle, heartbeat, including when it is too fast or too slow. Essentially, this is anything but normal sinus rhythm. A resting heart rate that is too fast – above 100 beats per minute in adults – is called tachycardia, and a resting heart rate that is too slow – below 60 beats per minute – is called bradycardia. Some types of arrhythmias have no symptoms. Symptoms, when present, may include palpitations or feeling a pause between heartbeats. In more serious cases, there may be presyncope, lightheadedness, Syncope (medicine), passing out, shortness of breath, chest pain, or decreased level of consciousness. While most cases of arrhythmia are not serious, some predispose a person to complications such as stroke or heart failure. Others may result in cardiac arrest, sudden death. Arrhythmias are often categorized into four groups: premature heart beat, extra beats, supraventricular tachycard ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cardiotonic
A cardiac stimulant is a drug which acts as a stimulant of the heart – e.g., via Chronotropic#Positive chronotropes, positive chronotropic action (increased heart rate) and/or Inotrope#Positive inotropic agents, inotropic action (increased myocardial contractility). They increase cardiac output (the amount of blood pumped by the heart over time). Examples * Beta1-adrenergic agonist, β1-Adrenergic receptor agonists like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, denopamine, isoproterenol, and xamoterol * Adrenergic, Adrenergic agents indirectly activating beta-1 adrenergic receptor, β1-adrenergic receptors ** Norepinephrine prodrugs like droxidopa ** Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors like atomoxetine, reboxetine, desipramine, nortriptyline, bupropion, milnacipran, methylphenidate, and cocaine ** Norepinephrine releasing agents like amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, phenylpropanolamine, and mephentermine * Alpha-1 blocker, α1-Adrenergic receptor a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
