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Crime Contagion Models
Crime contagion models relate to the idea, of whether crime is contagious. Contagion models predict a positive relationship between neighborhood violent crime rates and the propensity of moving to opportunity ( MTO) participants to engage in violent crime. The notion of crime spreading across surrounding environments feeds on the idea of clinical hysteria. Hysteria and the fear of crime are the main components of the contagion model. A great measure used to determine if fear of crime exists can be determined by the evaluation of near repeats. Near repeats occur when a specific surrounding environment is targeted again for crime, areas of examples include neighborhoods, businesses, and schools. Near repeats have been proved to be a great factor in determining repeat victimization, and determining crime itself. Repeat victimization relates to near repeats, rather than a familiar victim it constitutes a familiar environment where crime is to be repeated. Empirical support Neighborh ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Violent Crime
A violent crime, violent felony, crime of violence or crime of a violent nature is a crime in which an offender or perpetrator uses or threatens to use harmful Force (law), force upon a victim. This entails both crimes in which the violence, violent act is the objective, such as murder, assault, rape and assassination, as well as crimes in which violence is used as a method of coercion or show of force, such as robbery, extortion and terrorism. Violent crimes may, or may not, be committed with weapons. Depending on the jurisdiction, violent crimes may be regarded with varying severities from homicide to harassment. Violent criminals who use hostile acts towards others include murderers, active shooters, kidnapper, robbers, kidnappers, rapists, burglars, Robbery, muggers and torturers. Another category of violent criminals are pirates and carjacking, hijackers of cars or aircraft hijacking, aircraft. Criminal organizations, gangsters and drug cartels frequently employ violent cr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moving To Opportunity
Moving to Opportunity for Fair Housing (MTO) was a randomized social experiment sponsored by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in the 1990s among 4,600 low-income families with children living in high-poverty public housing projects. Study Design Families who volunteered to participate in the program were randomly assigned to 3 groups. One group received housing vouchers that could be used only in low-poverty areas for the first year as well as counseling to help them find units there. After a year, they could use their vouchers anywhere. One group received vouchers that could be used anywhere but no counseling. A third (control) group did not receive vouchers but remained eligible for any other government assistance to which they otherwise would have been entitled. A vast majority of the participating families were headed by African-American or Hispanic single mothers. The demonstration was implemented by public housing authorities in Baltim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hysteria
Hysteria is a term used to mean ungovernable emotional excess and can refer to a temporary state of mind or emotion. In the nineteenth century, female hysteria was considered a diagnosable physical illness in women. It is assumed that the basis for diagnosis operated under the belief that women are predisposed to mental and behavioral conditions; an interpretation of sex-related differences in stress responses. In the twentieth century, it shifted to being considered a mental illness. Influential physicians the likes of Sigmund Freud and Jean-Martin Charcot had dedicated research to hysteria patients. Currently, most physicians do not accept hysteria as a medical diagnosis. The blanket diagnosis of hysteria has been fragmented into myriad medical categories such as epilepsy, histrionic personality disorder, conversion disorders, dissociative disorders, or other medical conditions. Furthermore, lifestyle choices, such as choosing not to wed, are no longer considered symptom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fear Of Crime
Fear of crime refers to the fear of being a victim of crime, which is not necessarily reflective of the actual probability of being such a victim.Hale, C. (1996)Fear of crime: A review of the literature International Review of Victimology, 4, 79-150. History Since the late 1960s, the study of fear of crime had grown considerably. In addition to rises in crime rates and experience, David Garland also notes the significance of high-visibility events in the 1960s US and 1980s UK as well as the drug-related crimes of the 1980s committed by people who were "often portrayed as desperate, driven and capable of mindless violence." Contributing factors While fear of crime can be differentiated into public feelings, thoughts and behaviors about the personal risk of criminal victimization, distinctions can also be made between the tendency to see situations as fearful, the actual experience while in those situations, and broader expressions about the cultural and social significance of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victimization
Victimisation ( or victimization) is the state or process of being victimised or becoming a victim. The field that studies the process, rates, incidence, effects, and prevalence of victimisation is called victimology. Peer victimisation Peer victimisation is the experience among children of being a target of the aggressive behaviour of other children, who are not siblings and not necessarily age-mates. Peer victimisation is correlated with an increased risk of depression and decreased well-being in adulthood. Secondary victimisation Secondary victimization (also known as post crime victimization"post-crime victimization or secondary victimization". Comprehensive Criminal Justice Terminology. Prentice Hall. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2008. or double victimization) refers to further victim-blaming from criminal justice authorities following a report of an original victimization. Revictimisation The term revictimisation refers to a pattern ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modus Operandi
A (often shortened to M.O. or MO) is an individual's habits of working, particularly in the context of business or criminal investigations, but also generally. It is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as . Term The term is often used in police work when discussing crime and addressing the methods employed by criminals. It is also used in criminal profiling, where it can help in finding clues to the offender's psychology. It largely consists of examining the actions used by the individuals to execute the crime, prevent its detection and facilitate escape.Douglas, J. E. and A. W. Burgess, A. G. Burgess, R. K. Ressler. ''Crime classification manual'' (John Wiley & Sons, 2006) , p. 19-21. A suspect's ''modus operandi'' can assist in their identification, apprehension, or repression, and can also be used to determine links between crimes. In business, ''modus operandi'' is used to describe a firm's preferred means of executing business and interacting with other firms. Pl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mandatory Reporting
A mandated reporter is a person who is required by law to report crimes, typically if they know or suspect a child or vulnerable adult has been or is at risk of being abused or neglected. Mandatory reporting laws can also extend to vulnerable adults due to a disability, mental illness, or old age. If a mandated reporter does not report these crimes, they may be subject to civil and criminal penalties for failing to report. Mandated reporters include people with professions involving children, vulnerable adults, and emergency services (i.e., teachers, physicians, and police officers), while other states consider all adults to be mandated reporters regardless of their profession. History In 1962, United States doctors C. Henry Kempe and Brandt Steele published "The Battered Child Syndrome", which helped doctors identify child abuse, its effects, and the need to report serious physical abuse to legal authorities. Its publication changed the prevalent views in the United States, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crime Hotspots
Crime hotspots are areas that have high crime intensity. These are usually visualized using a map. They are developed for researchers and analysts to examine geographic areas in relation to crime. Researchers and theorists examine the occurrence of hotspots in certain areas and why they happen, and analysts examine the techniques used to perform the research. Developing maps that contain hotspots are becoming a critical and influential tool for policing; they help develop knowledge and understanding of different areas in a city and possibly why crime occurs there. Crime theories can be a useful guide for researchers and analyst, in regard to analyzing crime hotspots. There are many theories of crime that explain why crime occurs in certain places and why crime does not in others. Place theories look at crime at specific places, which can also be viewed as "points on a map." Another crime theory used in regard to crime hotspots is neighborhood theories. These theories view cri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Spin
Criminal spin is a phenomenological model in criminology, depicting the development of criminal behavior. The model refers to those types of behavior that start out as something small and innocent, without malicious or criminal intent and as a result of one situation leading to the next, an almost inevitable chain of reactions triggering counter-reactions is set in motion, culminating in a spin of ever-intensifying criminal behavior. The criminal spin model was developed by Pro. Natti Ronel and his research team in the department of criminology at Bar-Ilan University. It was first presented in 2005 at a Bar-Ilan conference entitled “Appropriate Law Enforcement”. Basic principles * The elements of the criminal spin are found in most criminal behaviors. * A criminal spin occurs when there is a sudden, rapid, or gradual acceleration of behavior that is considered criminal. * The criminal spin model integrates different theories relating to the escalation in criminal or violent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broken Windows Theory
In criminology, the broken windows theory states that visible signs of crime, antisocial behavior and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder, including serious crimes. The theory suggests that policing methods that target minor crimes, such as vandalism, loitering, public drinking and fare evasion, help to create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness. The theory was introduced in a 1982 article by conservative think tanks social scientists James Q. Wilson and George L. Kelling. It was popularized in the 1990s by New York City police commissioner William Bratton, whose policing policies were influenced by the theory. The theory became subject to debate both within the social sciences and the public sphere. Broken windows policing has been enforced with controversial police practices, such as the high use of stop-and-frisk in New York City in the decade up to 2013. Article and crime prevention James Q. Wilson and George L. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criminal Spin
Criminal spin is a phenomenological model in criminology, depicting the development of criminal behavior. The model refers to those types of behavior that start out as something small and innocent, without malicious or criminal intent and as a result of one situation leading to the next, an almost inevitable chain of reactions triggering counter-reactions is set in motion, culminating in a spin of ever-intensifying criminal behavior. The criminal spin model was developed by Pro. Natti Ronel and his research team in the department of criminology at Bar-Ilan University. It was first presented in 2005 at a Bar-Ilan conference entitled “Appropriate Law Enforcement”. Basic principles * The elements of the criminal spin are found in most criminal behaviors. * A criminal spin occurs when there is a sudden, rapid, or gradual acceleration of behavior that is considered criminal. * The criminal spin model integrates different theories relating to the escalation in criminal or violent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
