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Coronavirus 3′ Stem-loop II-like Motif (s2m)
The Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (also known as s2m) is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but various viral 3′ UTR regions have been found to play roles in viral replication and packaging. This motif appears to be conserved in both nucleotide sequence and secondary structure folding indicating a strong evolutionary selection for its Conserved sequence, conservation. The presence of this conserved motif in different viral families is suggested to be the result of at least two separate Genetic recombination, recombination events. To date s2m has been described in four families of positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses; ''Astrovirus, Astroviridae'', ''Caliciviridae'', ''Picornavirus, Picornaviridae'' and ''Coronavirus, Coronaviridae''. The viruses that contain s2m can infect a wide range of higher vertebrates, including birds, b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secondary Structure
Protein secondary structure is the three dimensional conformational isomerism, form of ''local segments'' of proteins. The two most common Protein structure#Secondary structure, secondary structural elements are alpha helix, alpha helices and beta sheets, though beta turns and omega loops occur as well. Secondary structure elements typically spontaneously form as an intermediate before the protein protein folding, folds into its three dimensional protein tertiary structure, tertiary structure. Secondary structure is formally defined by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between the Amine, amino hydrogen and carboxyl oxygen atoms in the peptide backbone chain, backbone. Secondary structure may alternatively be defined based on the regular pattern of backbone Dihedral angle#Dihedral angles of proteins, dihedral angles in a particular region of the Ramachandran plot regardless of whether it has the correct hydrogen bonds. The concept of secondary structure was first introduced by Kaj Ulrik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Picornavirus
Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent a large family of small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a 30 nm icosahedral capsid. The viruses in this family can cause a range of diseases including the common cold, poliomyelitis, meningitis, hepatitis, and paralysis. Picornaviruses constitute the family ''Picornaviridae'', order ''Picornavirales'', and realm '' Riboviria''. There are 158 species in this family, assigned to 68 genera. Notable examples are genera ''Enterovirus'' (including ''Rhinovirus'' and ''Poliovirus''), '' Aphthovirus'', ''Cardiovirus'', and ''Hepatovirus''. Etymology The name "picornavirus" has a dual etymology. Firstly, the name derives from ''picorna''- which is an acronym for "''p''oliovirus, ''i''nsensitivity to ether, ''c''oxsackievirus, ''o''rphan virus, ''r''hinovirus, and ribo''n''ucleic ''a''cid". Secondly, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus Frameshifting Stimulation Element
In molecular biology, the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element is a conserved stem-loop of RNA found in coronaviruses that can promote ribosomal frameshifting. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotides downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem-loops and stimulate frameshifting. Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m), the coronavirus packaging signal and the coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot. During protein synthesis, rapidly changing conditions in the cell can cause ribosomal pausing. In coronaviruses, this can affect growth rate an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 3′ UTR Pseudoknot
The Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot is an RNA structure found in the coronavirus genome. Coronaviruses contain 30 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes. The 3′ UTR region of these coronavirus genomes contains a conserved ~55 nucleotide pseudoknot structure which is necessary for viral genome replication. The mechanism of cis-regulation is unclear, but this element is postulated to function in the plus-strand. Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m) The Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (also known as s2m) is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but ... and the coronavirus packaging signal. References External links * Cis-regulatory RNA elements Coronaviridae {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 3′ UTR
Coronavirus genomes are positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules with an untranslated region (UTR) at the 3′ end which is called the 3′ UTR. The 3′ UTR is responsible for important biological functions, such as viral replication. The 3′ UTR has a conserved RNA secondary structure but different Coronavirus genera ( Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltacoronaviruses) have different structural features described below. Alphacoronavirus 3′ UTR The 3′ UTR of Alphacoronaviruses consists of two small hairpins (PK-SL2) which can form an alternate conformation (PK-SL1) where the loop region of the second hairpin interacts with the stem of the first hairpin (see Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot). PK-SL2 has been confirmed in HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63 by in vitro structure probing experiments. Downstream of this pseudoknot lies the hypervariable region (HVR), which is supported by many covarying base pairs in alphacoronaviruses. Further, a conserved octanucleotide sequence ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 5′ UTR
Coronavirus genomes are positive-sense single-stranded RNA molecules with an untranslated region (UTR) at the 5′ end which is called the 5′ UTR. The 5′ UTR is responsible for important biological functions, such as viral replication, transcription and packaging. The 5′ UTR has a conserved RNA secondary structure but different Coronavirus genera ( Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, and Deltacoronaviruses) have different structural features described below. Alphacoronavirus 5′ UTR The first 150 to 200 nucleotides within the 5′ UTR of Alphacoronaviruses are highly structured and shown to be conserved on the structural level. The 5′ UTRs are predicted to contain three conserved stem-loops: * SL1 is important for viral replication, most likely playing a role in the template-switch of viral subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) transcription. Mutations of the upper part of SL1 seem to have a higher impact of viral replication level. * SL2 is crucial for viral viability. Nucleotides are in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
RNA Recombination
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. RNA and deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) are nucleic acids. Along with lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates, nucleic acids constitute one of the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA, RNA is found in nature as a single strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double strand. Cellular organisms use messenger RNA (''mRNA'') to convey genetic information (using the nitrogenous bases of guanine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine, denoted by the letters G, U, A, and C) that directs synthesis of specific proteins. Many viruses encode their genetic information using an RNA genome. Some RNA molecules play an active role within cells by catalyzing biological reactions, controlling gene expression, or sensing and communicating responses to cellular signa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diamond Princess (ship)
''Diamond Princess'' is a British-registered cruise ship owned and operated by Princess Cruises. She began operation in March 2004 and primarily cruises in Asia during the northern hemisphere summer and Australia during the southern hemisphere summer. She is a subclassed ship, which is also known as a ''Gem''-class ship. ''Diamond Princess'' and her sister ship, , are the widest subclass of ''Grand''-class ships, as they have a beam, while all other ''Grand''-class ships have a beam of . ''Diamond Princess'' and ''Sapphire Princess'' were both built in Nagasaki, Japan, by Mitsubishi Industries. There have been two notable outbreaks of infectious disease on the ship – an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus in 2016 and an outbreak of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. In the latter incident, the ship was quarantined for nearly a month with her passengers on board, and her passengers and crew were subject to further quarantine after disembarking. At least ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SARS-CoV-2
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The virus previously had a provisional name, 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and has also been called the human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 or hCoV-19). First identified in the city of Wuhan, Hubei, China, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a virus of the species ''severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus'' (SARSr-CoV), related to the SARS-CoV-1 virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak. Despite its close relation to SARS-CoV-1, its closest known relatives, with which it forms a sister group, are the derived SARS ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
S2m Structure Of SARS-CoV
S, or s, is the nineteenth Letter (alphabet), letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is English alphabet#Letter names, ''ess'' (pronounced ), plural ''esses''. History Origin Northwest Semitic abjad, Northwest Semitic Shin (letter), šîn represented a voiceless postalveolar fricative (as in 'ip'). It originated most likely as a pictogram of a tooth () and represented the phoneme via the acrophonic principle. Ancient Greek did not have a phoneme, so the derived Greek letter Sigma (letter), sigma () came to represent the voiceless alveolar sibilant . While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter ''samekh'', while the shape and position of ''samekh'' but name of ''šîn'' is continued in the ''Ξ, xi''. Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
PDB 1xjr EBI
PDB may refer to: * Chess Problem Database Server (PDB Server) * 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (paradichlorobenzene) * Party of German-speaking Belgians, (German: '), a political party and predecessor of the ProDG * PDB (Palm OS), a container format for record databases in Palm OS, Garnet OS and Access Linux Platform * ''Pee Dee Belemnite'', a standard for stable Carbon-13 and Oxygen-18 isotopes; see * Pluggable database, such as an Oracle Database in a multitenancy environment * Potato dextrose broth, a common microbiological growth media * Pousette-Dart Band * President's Daily Brief or Briefing or Bulletin, a top-secret intelligence document produced each morning for the U.S. President * Program database, a file format for storing debugging information * Promised Day Brigade, an Iraqi Shia organisation * Protein Data Bank * Protein Data Bank (file format) * Python Debugger, see Python (programming language) Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design ph ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coronavirus 3′ UTR Pseudoknot
The Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot is an RNA structure found in the coronavirus genome. Coronaviruses contain 30 kb single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes. The 3′ UTR region of these coronavirus genomes contains a conserved ~55 nucleotide pseudoknot structure which is necessary for viral genome replication. The mechanism of cis-regulation is unclear, but this element is postulated to function in the plus-strand. Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element, the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m) The Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (also known as s2m) is a secondary structure motif identified in the 3′ UTR, 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) of astrovirus, coronavirus and equine rhinovirus genomes. Its function is unknown, but ... and the coronavirus packaging signal. References External links * Cis-regulatory RNA elements Coronaviridae {{molecular-cell-biology-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
