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Concentration Of Media Ownership In Turkey
Media ownership in Turkey is highly concentrated. According to experts, Turkish media ownership structure prevents citizens from receiving reliable information. In Turkey, 40% of all media are owned by eight media groups. Half of these top media owners have investments in at least three out of four media types (radio, TV, newspapers and online web portals). The top media owners, '' Doğan'' and '' Kalyon'' Groups, have investments in all four media types and share 10% and 7% of all media audience respectively. These groups are followed by '' Demirören'' Group (6%), ''Ciner'' Group (5%), ''Doğuş'' Group (4%) and state-owned Turkish Radio and Television (TRT) (3%). Among the shareholders of companies that own the top 40 media outlets, most are commercial corporations. The conglomerates they own (''Doğan, Doğuş, Demirören, Ciner, Albayrak, Turkuvaz/ Zirve/ Kalyon, İhlas'' and ''Ethem Sancak'' companies) operate in sectors such as construction, energy, mining and touris ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concentration Of Media Ownership
Concentration of media ownership (also known as media consolidation or media convergence) is a process whereby progressively fewer individuals or organizations control increasing shares of the mass media. Contemporary research demonstrates increasing levels of consolidation, with many media industries already highly concentrated and dominated by a very small number of firms. Globally, large media conglomerates include Bertelsmann, National Amusements (Paramount Global), Sony Group Corporation, News Corp, Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Warner Bros. Discovery, Fox Corporation, Hearst Communications, Amazon ( MGM Holdings Inc.), Grupo Globo (South America), and Lagardère Group. As of 2022, the largest media conglomerates in terms of revenue are Comcast, The Walt Disney Company, Warner Bros. Discovery, and Paramount Global. Mergers Media mergers occur when one media company buys another. The current landscape of corporate media ownership in the United States of America ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hürriyet
''Hürriyet'' (, ''Liberty'') is one of the major Turkish newspapers, founded in 1948. , it had the highest circulation of any newspaper in Turkey at around 319,000. ''Hürriyet'' has a mainstream, liberal and conservative outlook. ''Hürriyet'' combines entertainment value with news coverage. ''Hürriyet'' has regional offices in Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir, Adana, Antalya and Trabzon, as well as a news network comprising 52 offices and 600 reporters in Turkey and abroad, all affiliated with Doğan News Agency, which primarily serves newspapers and television channels that were previously under the management of Doğan Media Group (Doğan Yayın Holding). ''Hürriyet'' is printed in six cities in Turkey and in Frankfurt, Germany. , according to Alexa, its website was the tenth most visited in Turkey, the second most visited of a newspaper and the fourth most visited news website. On 21 March 2018, Doğan Yayın Holding, the parent company of Hürriyet, was sold to Demirören Hold ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turkish Competition Authority
The Turkish Competition Authority ( tr, Rekabet Kurumu, RK) is the Competition regulator A competition regulator is the institution that oversees the functioning of the markets. And the Law in which it takes cognizance of situations having any type of impediments and distortions on the markets and correct them is the competition law ... in Turkey. It is a government organization in Republic of Turkey Türkiye ˆtyɾcijewhich prevents any threats to the competitive process in the markets for goods and services through the use of the powers granted by law. Ensuring the fair allocation of resources and increasing social welfare by the protection of the competitive process constitutes the basic foundation of the mission of the Competition Authority. References External linksThe Turkish Competition Authority – Official website(In English) Government agencies of Turkey 1994 establishments in Turkey Organizations based in Ankara Regulatory and supervisory agencies of Tur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Council Of Europe
The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold European Convention on Human Rights, human rights, democracy and the Law in Europe, rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it has 46 member states, with a population of approximately 675 million; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros. The organisation is distinct from the European Union (EU), although it is sometimes confused with it, partly because the EU has adopted the original Flag of Europe, European flag, created for the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the Anthem of Europe, European anthem. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official United Nations General Assembly observers, United Nations Observer. Being an international organization, the Council of Europe cannot make laws, but it does have the ability to push for the enf ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Media Pluralism
Media pluralism defines the state of having a plurality of voices, opinions, and analyses in media systems (internal pluralism) or the coexistence of different and diverse types of medias and media support (external pluralism). Media pluralism is often recognized by international organizations and non-governmental organizations as being an essential part of a democratic state, Reporters Without Borders considers ''"access to a plurality of editorial lines and analyses sessential for citizens to be able to confront ideas, to make their own informed choices and to conduct their life freely"''. Expanded access to the Internet and the digital switch-over has enabled an increased availability of media content, largely through sharing and user-generated content on social media, in addition to the digital channels to which individuals have access across television and radio. The diversity of content is however accompanied by what Hallin and Mancini call polarized pluralism in a medi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anadolu Agency
Anadolu Agency ( tr, Anadolu Ajansı, ; abbreviated AA) is a state-run news agency headquartered in Ankara, Turkey. History The Anadolu Agency was founded in 1920 during the Turkish War of Independence by the order of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. As the empire's capital – İstanbul – was under the caliph's control, all newspapers were also under the caliph's rule along with British occupiers, and it was necessary for the revolutionary government to establish a communication and news network for Anatolia and Rumeli. Journalist Yunus Nadi Abalıoğlu and writer Halide Edip, fleeing the occupied capital, met in Geyve and concluded that a new Turkish press agency was needed. The agency was officially launched on April 6, 1920, 17 days before the Turkish Grand National Assembly convened for the first time. It announced the first legislation passed by the Assembly, which established the Republic of Turkey. After the Justice and Development Party (AKP) took power, AA and the Turkish R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Initiative For Democracy And Human Rights
In political science, an initiative (also known as a popular initiative or citizens' initiative) is a means by which a petition signed by a certain number of registered voters can force a government to choose either to enact a law or hold a public vote in the legislature in what is called indirect initiative, or under direct initiative, where the proposition is put to a plebiscite or referendum, in what is called a ''Popular initiated Referendum'' or citizen-initiated referendum. In an indirect initiative, a measure is first referred to the legislature, and then put to a popular vote only if not enacted by the legislature. If the proposed law is rejected by the legislature, the government may be forced to put the proposition to a referendum. The initiative may then take the form of a direct initiative or an indirect initiative. In a direct initiative, a measure is put directly to a referendum. The vote may be on a proposed federal level, statute, constitutional amendment, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bianet
Bianet (acronym for tr, Bağımsız İletişim Ağı, lit="Independent Communication Network") is a Turkish press agency based in Beyoğlu, Istanbul. Its focus is on human rights and it is mainly funded by a Swedish organization. It was established in January 2000 by journalists around , former representative of Reporters Without Borders, and left-wing activist Ertuğrul Kürkçü and is tied with Inter Press Service. It is mostly funded by the European Commission through the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR). Erol Önderoğlu served as the monitoring editor for Bianet for several years. His work for Bianet included quarterly reports on free speech in Turkey. In collaboration with EIDHR and KAOS GL, an association that focuses on LGBT rights, Bianet organized workshops concerning gender Gender is the range of characteristics pertaining to femininity and masculinity and differentiating between them. Depending on the context, this may include sex- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cumhuriyet Foundation
''Cumhuriyet'' (; English: "Republic") is the oldest up-market Turkish daily newspaper. It has been described as "the most important independent public interest newspaper in contemporary Turkey". The newspaper was awarded the ''Freedom of Press Prize'' by Reporters Without Borders in 2015 and the Alternative Nobel Prize in 2016. Since 17 October 2005, the newspaper's headquarters have been located in Istanbul's ÅžiÅŸli district, after being the last newspaper to leave the traditional press district of CaÄŸaloÄŸlu. The newspaper also has offices in Ankara and Ä°zmir. The newspaper'advertisementsbefore the 2007 Turkish presidential election and general election with the message "Are you aware of the danger?" were controversial. 's office in Istanbul was the site of a molotov attack in 2008. In 2010, the newspaper was one of the first up-market newspapers in Turkey to abandon the established broadsheet format for the midi-sized Berliner format. In January 2015, the news ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cumhuriyet
''Cumhuriyet'' (; English: " Republic") is the oldest up-market Turkish daily newspaper. It has been described as "the most important independent public interest newspaper in contemporary Turkey". The newspaper was awarded the ''Freedom of Press Prize'' by Reporters Without Borders in 2015 and the Alternative Nobel Prize in 2016. Since 17 October 2005, the newspaper's headquarters have been located in Istanbul's ÅžiÅŸli district, after being the last newspaper to leave the traditional press district of CaÄŸaloÄŸlu. The newspaper also has offices in Ankara and Ä°zmir. The newspaper'advertisementsbefore the 2007 Turkish presidential election and general election with the message "Are you aware of the danger?" were controversial. 's office in Istanbul was the site of a molotov attack in 2008. In 2010, the newspaper was one of the first up-market newspapers in Turkey to abandon the established broadsheet format for the midi-sized Berliner format. In January 2015, the news ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
BirGün
''BirGün'' (''One Day'') is an Istanbul-based Turkish left-wing daily. The paper was founded in 2004 by a group of Turkish intellectuals. The most important point of the newspaper is that it is not owned by any parent company or conglomerate. Since its foundation, the newspaper had to face serious pressures from publishing trusts, mainly to affiliated with Doğan Media Group that owns the vast majority of the market. Whereas most of the newspapers in Turkey pay paper and publishing cost as installments, ''BirGün'' had to pay in cash. In order to afford the costs, the newspaper first launched a subscription campaign, then raised its price to 0.75 TL. The price was 1 TL in 2012 and 1,5 TL in Summer 2015 while also costs 40 kuruş (0,4 TL) on universities in Turkey. Most of the ''BirGün'' columnists are members or sympathizers of the socialist Freedom and Solidarity Party (ÖDP), which is a member of Party of the European Left and one of the founders of European Anti-Cap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
