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Compulsory Border Guard Service
The Compulsory Border Guard Service (German: ''Grenzschutzdienstpflicht'') was enacted by the German parliament in the Federal Border Protection Act of 18 August 1972, based on Article 12a of the German Constitution. The remaining provisions of the Federal Border Protection Act were repealed in 1994. However, compulsory border guard service has not been enforced since 1973. Anyone who serves or served in the Federal Border Guard (German: ''Bundesgrenzschutz (BGS)'') can no longer be assigned to the military service (§ 42a Conscription Law) in the German Federal Armed Forces (German: ''Bundeswehr''). In 2005 the border guard was renamed the Bundespolizei (BPOL) (Federal Police) and any mandatory service would be performed there.{{Cite book , doi=10.1007/978-3-658-10928-8_9, chapter = Einführung der Grenzschutzdienstpflicht, title = Installation und Konsolidierung des Bundesgrenzschutzes 1949 bis 1972, pages=348–376, year = 2016, last1 = Parma, first1 = David, isbn=978-3-65 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south; it covers an area of , with a population of almost 84 million within its 16 constituent states. Germany borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. The nation's capital and most populous city is Berlin and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. In 962, the Kingdom of Germany formed the bulk of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infantry
Infantry is a military specialization which engages in ground combat on foot. Infantry generally consists of light infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry & mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and marine infantry. Although disused in modern times, heavy infantry also commonly made up the bulk of many historic armies. Infantry, cavalry, and artillery have traditionally made up the core of the combat arms professions of various armies, with the infantry almost always comprising the largest portion of these forces. Etymology and terminology In English, use of the term ''infantry'' began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot. The word derives from Middle French ''infanterie'', from older Italian (also Spanish) ''infanteria'' (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin '' īnfāns'' (without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also gets '' infant''. The individual-soldier term ''infantry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Enforcement In Germany
Law enforcement in Germany is constitutionally vested solely with the states, which is one of the main features of the German political system. Policing has always been a responsibility of the German states even after 1871 when the country was unified. The 1919 constitution of the Weimar Republic did provide for the possibility of creating a national police force, should the necessity arise, but it was only in the Nazi era that state police forces were unified under central control and a national police force created (the Reich Security Main Office—''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'', or RSHA). The police became a tool of the centralized state and the Nazi party. Following the defeat of 1945, Germany was divided; in 1949 the three western zones were turned into the new West Germany, while the Soviet zone became East Germany. Each country pursued a different path concerning law enforcement. In light of the gross misuse of power by the centralized Nazi state, the new West German co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Civil Conscription
Civil conscription is the obligation of civilians to perform mandatory labour for the government. This kind of work has to correspond with the exceptions in international agreements, otherwise it could fall under the category of unfree labour. There are two basic kinds of civil conscriptions. On the one hand, a compulsory service can be ordered on a temporary basis during wartimes and other times of emergency, like severe economic crisis or extraordinary natural events to provide basic services to the population. These include, but are not limited to, medical care, food supplies, defense industry supplies or cleanup efforts, following a severe weather or environmental disaster for the duration of the emergency. Therefore, it generally makes striking illegal for the duration of the civil mobilization. On the other hand, a revolving mandatory service may be required for a longer period of time, for example, to ensure community fire protection or to carry out infrastructure work at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border Guards Of The Inner German Border
The border guards of the inner German border comprised tens of thousands of military, paramilitary and civilian personnel from both East and West Germany, as well as from the United Kingdom, the United States and initially the Soviet Union. East Germany The East German side of the border was guarded initially by the Border Troops () of the Soviet NKVD (later the KGB). In 1946, the Soviets established a locally recruited paramilitary force, the German Border Police ( or DGP), under the administration of the Interior Ministry for Security of the State Frontier (). Soviet troops and the DGP shared responsibility for patrolling the border and crossing points until 1955/56, when the Soviets handed over control to the East Germans. The DGP became increasingly militarised as the East German government decided that protecting the border was a military task. Although it was notionally a police force, it was equipped with heavy weapons, including tanks and self-propelled artillery. In 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Border Guard
A border guard of a country is a national security agency that performs border security. Some of the national border guard agencies also perform coast guard (as in Federal Police (Germany), Germany, Guardia di Finanza, Italy or State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, Ukraine) and Search and rescue, rescue service duties. Name and uniform In different countries, names of particular border guard services vary significantly. The service may be called "police", "guard", "troops" or "sentinel" and the name would refer to the nation's official term for the state border - whether it is "frontier" or "border". Most border guards of the world use dark green-colored elements on their uniform, insignia or flags. Tasks Peacetime duties Typical tasks of a border guard are: * Controlling and guarding a nation's borders; * Controlling border crossing persons, vehicles, and travel documents; * Preventing illegal border crossing of persons, vehicles, cargoes and other goods; * Controlling tr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conscription In Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany had conscription (''Wehrpflicht'') for male citizens between 1956 and 2011. On 22 November 2010, the German Minister of Defence proposed to the government to put conscription into abeyance on 1 July 2011. The constitution, however, retains provisions that would legalize the potential reintroduction of conscription. The ''Grundgesetz'' (Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany) and several special laws (e.g., ''Wehrpflichtgesetz'') were regulating these duties and the exceptions. During the last year when conscription was active, men were obliged to serve six months either in the military, which they could refuse, and do alternative civilian service, or honorary service (like any volunteer) for at least six months in a civil protection organisation. Families of those who were oppressed by the Nazi regime (usually Jews) were exempted from conscription, though some volunteered to serve. Although conscription was of a military nature, in the las ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mowag Eagle
The MOWAG Eagle is a wheeled armored vehicle designed by the Swiss MOWAG corporation. It has gone through several generations of development. The current vehicle, introduced in November 2003, is the Eagle IV, which is based on the Duro IIIP chassis. The original MOWAG Eagle used the chassis and running gear of the United States Humvee, while the Eagle II and Eagle III use the chassis and running gear of the Humvee ECV. A Prototype is now part of the Military Museum Full. The MOWAG Eagle IV and V used the chassis and running gear of the Mowag Duro. A modular 6×6 variant that was developed for an Australian Army tender made its market debut at Eurosatory 2012. Cost The Danish Army ordered 36 Eagle V in four different configurations (patrol, electronic warfare, support and reconnaissance) in May 2017. According to public records from the Danish Parliament, the acquisition cost of the 36 EAGLE 5 Vehicles is DKK 233,6 mill. (approx. USD 35 mill) including Government Furnished Equ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
LAPV Enok
The LAPV Enok is a Light Armoured Patrol Vehicle of the Bundeswehr, mostly in use with the German Army. It is a significantly further developed Wolf SSA, based on the Mercedes-Benz G-Class. The LAPV Enok is being manufactured by Armored Car Systems GmbH (ACS), based in Aichach, a wholly owned subsidiary of 'Gruma Commercial Vehicles' based in Derching. Important subcontractors are the companies '' LeTech - Special Purpose Vehicles '' (formerly Lennartz Technik) in Welzheim and the Austrian Magna Steyr based in Graz. History A first batch of 247 vehicles has been ordered by the Bundeswehr, with deliveries scheduled to be carried out between 2008 and 2013. Another batch of 84 improved Enoks (Enok 6.1) with increased armor and weight (=) were ordered in January 2015. 49 of them are determined for the Kommando Spezialkräfte Im August 2018, the German Federal Police ordered modified Enok 6.1s along with remote controlled weapon stations as protected vehicles for airport security ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Armoured Personnel Carrier
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world. According to the definition in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, an APC is "an armoured combat vehicle which is designed and equipped to transport a combat infantry squad and which, as a rule, is armed with an integral or organic weapon of less than 20 millimetres calibre." Compared to infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are also used to carry infantry into battle, APCs have less armament and are not designed to provide direct fire support in battle. Infantry units which travel in APCs are known as mechanized infantry. Some militaries also make a distinction between infantry units which use APCs and infantry units which use IFVs, with the latter being known as armoured infantry in such militaries. History The genesis o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
State Of Defence (Germany)
The state of defence (, ) is the constitutional state of emergency in Germany if the country is "under attack by armed force or imminently threatened with such an attack". Established by a constitutional amendment in 1968 during the Cold War, this state of emergency gives the Federal Government extraordinary powers in wartime. It is laid down in Title Xa of the German Constitution. As of December 2022, Germany has never been in the state of defence. The preliminary stage to a state of defence is a state of tension (Articl80a. It goes hand in hand with raising the military alert level. Declaration According to articlof the German Constitution, the state of defence shall be declared if "the federal territory Federal Republic of Germany] is under attack by armed force or imminently threatened with such an attack". The normal procedure is that, upon request of the Federal Government, the Bundestag determines that the conditions of the state of defence exist. That means that the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
German Emergency Acts
The German Emergency Acts (') were passed on 30 May 1968 at the time of the ''Grand coalition, First Grand Coalition'' between the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the Christian Democratic Union of Germany. It was the 17th constitutional amendment to the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, Basic Law, adding emergency clauses to ensure the Cabinet of Germany, federal government's ability to act in crises such as natural disasters, uprisings or war. The inclusion of emergency laws in the German Basic Law was one condition imposed by the Allies of World War II, Allies before they would transfer full sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany after the Second World War. This was in order to ensure the safety of their troops still stationed in Germany. On 27 May 1968 the Allied Control Council declared that they would give up their right of control (''Vorbehaltsrecht'') if the Emergency Acts were passed. On 30 May, when the law was voted on, the Free Democratic Part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
