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Complex Wishart Distribution
In statistics, the complex Wishart distribution is a complex version of the Wishart distribution. It is the distribution of n times the sample Hermitian covariance matrix of n zero-mean independent Gaussian random variables. It has support for p\times p Hermitian positive definite matrices. The complex Wishart distribution is the density of a complex-valued sample covariance matrix. Let : S_ = \sum_^n G_iG_i^H where each G_i is an independent column ''p''-vector of random complex Gaussian zero-mean samples and (.)^H is an Hermitian (complex conjugate) transpose. If the covariance of ''G'' is \mathbb G^H= M then : S \sim n\mathcal(M,n,p) where \mathcal(M,n,p) is the complex central Wishart distribution with ''n'' degrees of freedom and mean value, or scale matrix, ''M''. : f_S(\mathbf) = \frac , \;\;\; n\ge p, \;\;\; \left, \mathbf\ > 0 where : \mathcal \widetilde_p^ (n) = \pi^ \prod_^p \Gamma (n-j+1) is the complex multivariate Gamma function. Using the tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Degrees Of Freedom (statistics)
In statistics, the number of degrees of freedom is the number of values in the final calculation of a statistic that are free to vary. Estimates of statistical parameters can be based upon different amounts of information or data. The number of independent pieces of information that go into the estimate of a parameter is called the degrees of freedom. In general, the degrees of freedom of an estimate of a parameter are equal to the number of independent scores that go into the estimate minus the number of parameters used as intermediate steps in the estimation of the parameter itself. For example, if the variance is to be estimated from a random sample of ''N'' independent scores, then the degrees of freedom is equal to the number of independent scores (''N'') minus the number of parameters estimated as intermediate steps (one, namely, the sample mean) and is therefore equal to ''N'' − 1. Mathematically, degrees of freedom is the number of dimensions of the domain o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Marchenko–Pastur Distribution
In the mathematical theory of random matrices, the Marchenko–Pastur distribution, or Marchenko–Pastur law, describes the asymptotic behavior of singular values of large rectangular random matrices. The theorem is named after Ukrainian mathematicians Vladimir Marchenko and Leonid Pastur who proved this result in 1967. If X denotes a m\times n random matrix whose entries are independent identically distributed random variables with mean 0 and variance \sigma^2 1\\ \nu(A),& \text 0\leq \lambda \leq 1, \end and : d\nu(x) = \frac \frac \,\mathbf_\, dx with : \lambda_ = \sigma^2(1 \pm \sqrt)^2. The Marchenko–Pastur law also arises as the free Poisson law in free probability theory, having rate 1/\lambda and jump size \sigma^2. Cumulative distribution function Using the same notation, cumulative distribution function reads : F_\lambda(x) =\begin \frac \mathbf_ + \left ( \frac + F(x) \right ) \mathbf_ + \mathbf_ ,& \text \lambda >1\\ F(x)\mathbf_ + \mathbf_,& \text 0\leq \la ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conjugate Prior Distributions
Conjugation or conjugate may refer to: Linguistics *Grammatical conjugation, the modification of a verb from its basic form *Emotive conjugation or Russell's conjugation, the use of loaded language Mathematics *Complex conjugation, the change of sign of the imaginary part of a complex number * Conjugate (square roots), the change of sign of a square root in an expression *Conjugate element (field theory), a generalization of the preceding conjugations to roots of a polynomial of any degree *Conjugate transpose, the complex conjugate of the transpose of a matrix *Harmonic conjugate in complex analysis * Conjugate (graph theory), an alternative term for a line graph, i.e. a graph representing the edge adjacencies of another graph *In group theory, various notions are called conjugation: **Inner automorphism, a type of conjugation homomorphism **Conjugation in group theory, related to matrix similarity in linear algebra **Conjugation (group theory), the image of an element under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Random Matrices
In probability theory and mathematical physics, a random matrix is a matrix-valued random variable—that is, a matrix in which some or all elements are random variables. Many important properties of physical systems can be represented mathematically as matrix problems. For example, the thermal conductivity of a lattice can be computed from the dynamical matrix of the particle-particle interactions within the lattice. Applications Physics In nuclear physics, random matrices were introduced by Eugene Wigner to model the nuclei of heavy atoms. Wigner postulated that the spacings between the lines in the spectrum of a heavy atom nucleus should resemble the spacings between the eigenvalues of a random matrix, and should depend only on the symmetry class of the underlying evolution. In solid-state physics, random matrices model the behaviour of large disordered Hamiltonians in the mean-field approximation. In quantum chaos, the Bohigas–Giannoni–Schmit (BGS) conjecture asserts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Covariance And Correlation
In probability theory and statistics, the mathematical concepts of covariance and correlation are very similar. Both describe the degree to which two random variables or sets of random variables tend to deviate from their expected values in similar ways. If ''X'' and ''Y'' are two random variables, with means (expected values) ''μX'' and ''μY'' and standard deviations ''σX'' and ''σY'', respectively, then their covariance and correlation are as follows: : so that :\rho_ = \sigma_ / (\sigma_X \sigma_Y) where ''E'' is the expected value operator. Notably, correlation is dimensionless while covariance is in units obtained by multiplying the units of the two variables. If ''Y'' always takes on the same values as ''X'', we have the covariance of a variable with itself (i.e. \sigma_), which is called the variance and is more commonly denoted as \sigma_X^2, the square of the standard deviation. The ''correlation'' of a variable with itself is always 1 (except in the dege ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multivariate Continuous Distributions
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Multivariate may refer to: In mathematics * Multivariable calculus * Multivariate function * Multivariate polynomial In computing * Multivariate cryptography * Multivariate division algorithm * Multivariate interpolation * Multivariate optical computing * Multivariate optimization, used for the design of heat exchangers, see In statistics * Multivariate analysis * Multivariate random variable * Multivariate statistics See also * Univariate * Bivariate (other) Bivariate may refer to: Mathematics * Bivariate function, a function of two variables * Bivariate polynomial, a polynomial of two indeterminates Statistics * Bivariate data, that shows the relationship between two variables * Bivariate analys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Continuous Distributions
Continuity or continuous may refer to: Mathematics * Continuity (mathematics), the opposing concept to discreteness; common examples include ** Continuous probability distribution or random variable in probability and statistics ** Continuous game, a generalization of games used in game theory ** Law of Continuity, a heuristic principle of Gottfried Leibniz * Continuous function, in particular: ** Continuity (topology), a generalization to functions between topological spaces ** Scott continuity, for functions between posets ** Continuity (set theory), for functions between ordinals ** Continuity (category theory), for functors ** Graph continuity, for payoff functions in game theory * Continuity theorem may refer to one of two results: ** Lévy's continuity theorem, on random variables ** Kolmogorov continuity theorem, on stochastic processes * In geometry: ** Parametric continuity, for parametrised curves ** Geometric continuity, a concept primarily applied to the conic secti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MIMO
In radio, multiple-input and multiple-output, or MIMO (), is a method for multiplying the capacity of a radio link using multiple transmission and receiving antennas to exploit multipath propagation. MIMO has become an essential element of wireless communication standards including IEEE 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4), IEEE 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5), HSPA+ (3G), WiMAX, and Long Term Evolution (LTE). More recently, MIMO has been applied to power-line communication for three-wire installations as part of the ITU G.hn standard and of the HomePlug AV2 specification. At one time, in wireless the term "MIMO" referred to the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and the receiver. In modern usage, "MIMO" specifically refers to a class of techniques for sending and receiving more than one data signal simultaneously over the same radio channel by exploiting multipath propagation. Additionally, modern MIMO usage often refers to multiple data signals sent to different receivers (with one or more receiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
QR Decomposition
In linear algebra, a QR decomposition, also known as a QR factorization or QU factorization, is a decomposition of a matrix ''A'' into a product ''A'' = ''QR'' of an orthogonal matrix ''Q'' and an upper triangular matrix ''R''. QR decomposition is often used to solve the linear least squares problem and is the basis for a particular eigenvalue algorithm, the QR algorithm. Cases and definitions Square matrix Any real square matrix ''A'' may be decomposed as : A = QR, where ''Q'' is an orthogonal matrix (its columns are orthogonal unit vectors meaning and ''R'' is an upper triangular matrix (also called right triangular matrix). If ''A'' is invertible, then the factorization is unique if we require the diagonal elements of ''R'' to be positive. If instead ''A'' is a complex square matrix, then there is a decomposition ''A'' = ''QR'' where ''Q'' is a unitary matrix (so If ''A'' has ''n'' linearly independent columns, then the first ''n'' columns of ''Q'' form an ortho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modulus Squared
In mathematics, a square is the result of multiplying a number by itself. The verb "to square" is used to denote this operation. Squaring is the same as raising to the power 2, and is denoted by a superscript 2; for instance, the square of 3 may be written as 32, which is the number 9. In some cases when superscripts are not available, as for instance in programming languages or plain text files, the notations ''x''^2 (caret) or ''x''**2 may be used in place of ''x''2. The adjective which corresponds to squaring is '' quadratic''. The square of an integer may also be called a square number or a perfect square. In algebra, the operation of squaring is often generalized to polynomials, other expressions, or values in systems of mathematical values other than the numbers. For instance, the square of the linear polynomial is the quadratic polynomial . One of the important properties of squaring, for numbers as well as in many other mathematical systems, is that (for all nu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wigner Semicircle Distribution
The Wigner semicircle distribution, named after the physicist Eugene Wigner, is the probability distribution on minus;''R'', ''R''whose probability density function ''f'' is a scaled semicircle (i.e., a semi-ellipse) centered at (0, 0): :f(x)=\sqrt\, for −''R'' ≤ ''x'' ≤ ''R'', and ''f''(''x'') = 0 if '', x, '' > ''R''. It is also a scaled beta distribution: if ''Y'' is beta-distributed with parameters α = β = 3/2, then ''X'' = 2''RY'' – ''R'' has the Wigner semicircle distribution. The distribution arises as the limiting distribution of eigenvalues of many random symmetric matrices as the size of the matrix approaches infinity. The distribution of the spacing between eigenvalues is addressed by the similarly named Wigner surmise. General properties The Chebyshev polynomials of the third kind are orthogonal polynomials with respect to the Wigner semicircle distribution. For positive integers ''n'', the 2''n''-th moment of this distribution is :E(X^)=\ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Support (measure Theory)
In mathematics, the support (sometimes topological support or spectrum) of a measure ''μ'' on a measurable topological space (''X'', Borel(''X'')) is a precise notion of where in the space ''X'' the measure "lives". It is defined to be the largest ( closed) subset of ''X'' for which every open neighbourhood of every point of the set has positive measure. Motivation A (non-negative) measure \mu on a measurable space (X, \Sigma) is really a function \mu : \Sigma \to , +\infty. Therefore, in terms of the usual definition of support, the support of \mu is a subset of the σ-algebra \Sigma : :\operatorname (\mu) := \overline, where the overbar denotes set closure. However, this definition is somewhat unsatisfactory: we use the notion of closure, but we do not even have a topology on \Sigma . What we really want to know is where in the space X the measure \mu is non-zero. Consider two examples: # Lebesgue measure \lambda on the real line \mathbb . It seems ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
