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Common Turkic
Common Turkic, or Shaz Turkic, is a taxon in some classifications of the Turkic languages that includes all of them except the Oghuric languages. Classification Lars Johanson, Lars Johanson's proposal contains the following subgroups: * Oghuz languages, Southwestern Common Turkic (Oghuz) *Kipchak languages, Northwestern Common Turkic (Kipchak) * Karluk languages, Southeastern Common Turkic (Karluk) * Siberian Turkic languages, Northeastern Common Turkic (Siberian) *Khalaj language, Arghu Common Turkic (Khalaj) In that classification scheme, Common Turkic is opposed to Oghur languages, Oghur Turkic (Lir-Turkic). The Common Turkic languages are characterized by sound correspondences such as Common Turkic ''š'' versus Oghur languages, Oghuric ''l'' and Common Turkic ''z'' versus Oghur languages, Oghuric ''r''. In other classification schemes (such as those of Alexander Samoylovich and Nikolai Baskakov (linguist), Nikolay Baskakov), the breakdown is different. References ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern regions of Europe, region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is essentially marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of Southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, East Thrace, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Kosovo, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, Romania, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Southern France, Spain, and Vatican City (the Holy See). Southern Europe is focused on the three peninsulas located in the extreme south of the European continent. These are the Iberian Peninsula, the Italian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, and the Balkans, Balkan Peninsula. These three peninsulas are separated from the rest of Europe by towering mountain ranges, respectively by the Pyrenees, the Alps and the Balkan Mountains. The location of these peninsulas in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siberian Turkic Languages
The Siberian Turkic or Northeastern Common Turkic languages, are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family. The following table is based upon the classification scheme presented by Lars Johanson (1998). Classification Alexander Vovin (2017) notes that Tofa and other Siberian Turkic languages, especially Sayan Turkic, have Yeniseian The Yeniseian languages (sometimes known as Yeniseic or Yenisei-Ostyak;"Ostyak" is a concept of areal rather than genetic linguistics. In addition to the Yeniseian languages it also includes the Uralic languages Khanty and Selkup. occasionally ... loanwords.Vovin, Alexander. 2017.Some Tofalar Etymologies" In ''Essays in the history of languages and linguistics: dedicated to Marek Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday.'' Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka. References Agglutinative languages {{Turkic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)
Nikolai Aleksandrovich Baskakov (russian: Никола́й Алекса́ндрович Баска́ков; 22 March 1905 – 26 August 1996) was a Soviet Turkologist, linguist, and ethnologist. He created a systematization model of the Turkic language family (Baskakov's classification), and studied Turkic-Russian contacts in the 10-11th centuries CE. During 64 years of scientific work (1930-1994), Baskakov published almost 640 works including 32 books. The main area of Baskakov's scientific interests was linguistics, but he also studied folklore and ethnography of the Turkic peoples, and also was a musician and composer. Life Baskakov was born in 1905 in Solvychegodsk in Vologda Governorate (now Arkhangelsk Oblast) in a large family of a district government official. His father came from a family banished in the beginning of the 19th century from Saint Petersburg to the Vologda province, and mother was a daughter of an official and a teacher. In a book about Russian surnames of Tur ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Samoylovich
Alexander Nikolaevich Samoylovich (russian: Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Самойло́вич, 1880–1938) was a Russian Orientalist-Turkologist who served as a member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929), Rector of the Leningrad Oriental Institute (1922–1925), academic secretary of the Humanities Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929–1933), and director of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1934–1937). He was arrested by the NKVD in October 1937, and was executed on 13 February 1938. Career Samoylovich was born on 29 December 1880 in Nizhny Novgorod, to the family of the director of the Nizhny Novgorod grammar school. His father was of Ukrainian origin and in Soviet bureaucracy Samoylovich was considered as ethnic Ukrainian. He studied at the Nizhny Novgorod Institute for Nobles, and then in the Oriental department of Saint Petersburg University, where he majored in Arabo-Persian-Turkic-Tatar languages. From 1907 h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oghur Languages
The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghuric languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars. History The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash. The only other language which is conclusively proven to be Oghuric is the long-extinct Bulgar, while Khazar may be a possible relative within the group. There is no consensus among linguists on the relation between Oghuric and Common Turkic and several questions remain unsolved: *Are they parallel branches ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lars Johanson
Lars Johanson (born 8 March 1936 in Köping, Sweden) is a Swedish Turcologist and linguist, an emeritus professor at the University of Mainz, and docent at the Department of Linguistics and Philology, University of Uppsala, Sweden. He has been instrumental in transforming the field of Turcology, which was traditionally more philologically oriented, into a linguistic discipline. Apart from his contributions to Turcology, Lars Johanson made a number of pioneering contributions to general linguistics and language typology, in particular to the typology of tense and aspect systems and the theory of language contact. In the period of 1966–2022 he published about 400 titles, books and scholarly articles. His most important books are ''Aspekt im Türkischen'' ('Viewpoint aspect' in Turkish), published in 1971, and ''Structural factors in Turkic language contacts'', published in 2002. His most recent publication, Turkic' (Cambridge University Press 2021), constitutes a monumental thou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oghuric Languages
The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic languages, Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghuric languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a Common Turkic languages, later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars. History The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic languages, Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash language, Chuvash. The only other language which is conclusively proven to be Oghuric is the long-extinct Bulgar language, Bulgar, while Khazar language, Khazar may be a possible relative within the group. There is no consensus among linguists ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular name and given a particular ranking, especially if and when it is accepted or becomes established. It is very common, however, for taxonomists to remain at odds over what belongs to a taxon and the criteria used for inclusion. If a taxon is given a formal scientific name, its use is then governed by one of the nomenclature codes specifying which scientific name is correct for a particular grouping. Initial attempts at classifying and ordering organisms (plants and animals) were set forth in Carl Linnaeus's Linnaean taxonomy, system in ''Systema Naturae'', 10th edition (1758), as well as an unpublished work by Bernard de Jussieu, Bernard and Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. The idea of a unit-based system of biological classification was first mad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khalaj Language
Khalaj is a Turkic language spoken in Iran. Although it contains many old Turkic elements, it has become widely Persianized. In 1978, it was spoken by around 20,000 people in 50 villages southwest of Tehran, but the number of speakers has since dropped to about 19,000. Khalaj has about 150 words of uncertain origin. Surveys have found that most young Khalaj parents do not pass the language on to their children; only 5 out of 1000 families teach their children the language. Khalaj language is a descendant of an old Turkic language called Arghu. The 11th century Turkic lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari was the first person to give written examples of the Khalaj language, which are mostly interchangeable with modern Khalaj. Gerhard Doerfer, who rediscovered Khalaj, has demonstrated that it was the earliest language to branch off from Common Turkic. Classification The Turkic languages are a language family of at least 35 documented languages spoken by the Turkic peoples. While in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Karluk Languages
The Karluk or Qarluq languages are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family that developed from the varieties once spoken by Karluks. Many Middle Turkic works were written in these languages. The language of the Kara-Khanid Khanate was known as Turki, Ferghani, Kashgari or Khaqani. The language of the Chagatai Khanate was the Chagatai language. Karluk Turkic was once spoken in the Kara-Khanid Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Timurid Empire, Mughal Empire, Yarkent Khanate and the Uzbek-speaking Khanate of Bukhara, Emirate of Bukhara. Classification Languages * Uzbek – spoken by the Uzbeks; approximately 44 million speakers * Uyghur – spoken by the Uyghurs; approximately 8-11 million speakers * Ili Turki – moribund language spoken by Ili Turkis, who are legally recognized as a subgroup of Uzbeks; 120 speakers and decreasing (1980) * Chagatai – extinct language which was once widely spoken in Central Asia and remained the shared literary language there until the earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the Europe, European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, which spans roughly 40% of the continent's landmass while accounting for approximately 15% of its total population."The Balkans" , ''Global Perspectives: A Remote Sensing and World Issues Site''. Wheeling Jesuit University/Center for Educational Technologies, 1999–2002. It represents a significant part of Culture of Europe, European culture; the main socio-cultural characteristics of Eastern Europe have historically been defined by the traditions of Slavs and Greeks, as well as by the influence of Eastern Christianity as it developed through t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kipchak Languages
The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar. Linguistic features The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family. Shared features *Change of Proto-Turkic *d to (e.g. *''hadaq'' > ''ajaq'' "foot") *Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example Unique features Family-specific *Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. ''olor'' vs. ''olar'' "them") *Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial (e.g. ''*etti'' > ''etti'' "seven") *Diphthongs from syllable-final and (e.g. *''taɡ'' > ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
