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Committee Of Public Safety
The Committee of Public Safety () was a committee of the National Convention which formed the provisional government and war cabinet during the Reign of Terror, a violent phase of the French Revolution. Supplementing the Committee of General Defence, created early January 1793, the Committee of Public Safety was created on 6 April 1793 by the National Convention. It was charged with protecting the new republic against its foreign and domestic enemies, fighting the First Coalition and the Vendée revolt. As a wartime measure, the committee was given broad supervisory and administrative powers over the armed forces, judiciary and legislature, as well as the executive bodies and ministers of the convention. As the committee, restructured in July, raised the defense ('' levée en masse'') against the monarchist coalition of European nations and counter-revolutionary forces within France, it became more and more powerful. In December 1793, the Convention formally conferred executi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revolution, civil war, or some combination thereof. Provisional governments generally come to power in connection with a grave crisis that has caused the previous government to suddenly and irreversibly collapse, such as economic collapse, civil war, Debellatio, defeat in a foreign war, revolution, or the death of a long-serving authoritarian ruler. Questions of democratic transition and state-building are often fundamental to the formation and policies of such governments. Provisional governments maintain Power (social and political), power until a new government can be appointed by a regular political process, which is generally an election. They may be involved with defining the legal structure of subsequent regimes, guidelines related to huma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Age Of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was a Europe, European Intellect, intellectual and Philosophy, philosophical movement active from the late 17th to early 19th century. Chiefly valuing knowledge gained through rationalism and empiricism, the Enlightenment was concerned with a wide range of social and Politics, political ideals such as natural law, liberty, and progress, toleration and fraternity (philosophy), fraternity, constitutional government, and the formal separation of church and state. The Enlightenment was preceded by and overlapped the Scientific Revolution, which included the work of Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, Pierre Gassendi, Christiaan Huygens and Isaac Newton, among others, as well as the philosophy of Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza, Leibniz, and John Locke. The dating of the period of the beginning of the Enlightenment can be attributed to the publication of René Descartes' ''Discourse on the Method'' in 1 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of 14 Frimaire
The Law of 14 Frimaire passed on 4 December 1793, during the French Revolution, in which power became centralized and consolidated under the Committee of Public Safety. It stopped '' representatives on-mission'' from taking unaccountable, and sometimes despotic, 'action' without the authority of the committee. The Law of 14 Frimaire established the '' Bulletin des lois'' which existed until 1929 as the venue in which French laws were formally published. Counterfeiting the ''Bulletin des Lois'' was punishable by death. Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne proposed the law as a means to rigorously centralize power in the National Convention and its Committee of Public Safety. This was an attempt to bring order to the Reign of Terror by making the representatives on-mission directly accountable to the Committee of Public Safety. References {{Reflist 1793 events of the French Revolution Frimaire Frimaire () was the third month in the French Republican calendar. The month was named a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of The General Maximum
The Law of the General Maximum () was instituted during the French Revolution on 29 September 1793, setting price limits and punishing price gouging to attempt to ensure the continued supply of food to the French capital. It was enacted as an extension of the Law of Suspects of 17 September, and succeeded the Law of the Maximum of 4 May 1793, which served a similar purpose. Background Competing theories exist as to the causes of the conditions the General Maximum was intended to ameliorate. In 1912, the historian Andrew Dickson White suggested that the ever-greater and ultimately uncontrolled issuance of paper money authorised by the National Assembly was at the root of France's economic failure and constituted the cause of its increasingly rampant inflation. Eugene White, in his 1995 publication "The French Revolution and the Politics of Government Finance, 1770–1815", argues that years of revolution, international conflicts, and poor climate conditions had led to an eco ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Suspects
:''Note: This decree should not be confused with the Law of General Security (), also known as the "Law of Suspects," adopted by Napoleon III in 1858 that allowed punishment for any prison action, and permitted the arrest and deportation, without judgment, of anyone convicted of political offenses after 1848.'' The Law of Suspects () was a decree passed by the French National Convention on 17 September 1793, during the French Revolution. Some historians consider this decree the start of the Reign of Terror; they argue that the decree marked a significant weakening of individual freedoms that led to "revolutionary paranoia" that swept the nation.Jean Tulard, Jean-François Fayard, & Alfred Fierro, ''Histoire et Dictionnaire de la Révolution française,'' Éd. Bouquins-Robert Laffont, 1997, The law ordered the arrest of all avowed enemies and suspected enemies of the Revolution, and specifically aimed at unsubmissive former nobles, émigrés, officials removed or suspended from o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Committee Of General Security
The Committee of General Security () was a parliamentary committee of the French National Convention which acted as police agency during the French Revolution. Established as a committee of the Convention in October 1792, it was designed to protect the Revolutionary Republic from internal enemies. Along with the Committee of Public Safety it oversaw the Reign of Terror. The Committee of General Security supervised the local police committees in charge of investigating reports of treason, and was one of the agencies with authority to refer suspects to the Revolutionary Tribunal for trial and possible execution by guillotine. In 1794 the committee was involved in the arrest and execution of Maximilien Robespierre and several of his political allies on 9 Thermidor. On 4 November 1795, along with the end of the National Convention, the Committee of General Security dissolved. Among its prominent members, there were Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier, Jean-Pierre-André Amar, Jean-Paul Marat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Days Of 31 May And 2 June 1793
A day is the time rotation period, period of a full Earth's rotation, rotation of the Earth with respect to the Sun. On average, this is 24 hours (86,400 seconds). As a day passes at a given location it experiences morning, afternoon, evening, and night. This daily cycle drives circadian rhythms in many organisms, which are vital to many life processes. A collection of sequential days is organized into calendars as Calendar date, dates, almost always into weeks, months and years. A solar calendar organizes dates based on the Sun's annual cycle, giving consistent start dates for the season, four seasons from year to year. A lunar calendar organizes dates based on the Moon's lunar phase. In common usage, a day starts at midnight, written as 00:00 or 12 am, 12:00 am in 24-hour clock, 24- or 12-hour clocks, respectively. Because the time of midnight varies between locations, time zones are set up to facilitate the use of a uniform standard time. Other conventions are sometimes us ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bertrand Barère
Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (, 10 September 175513 January 1841) was a French politician, freemason, journalist, and one of the most prominent members of the National Convention, representing the Plain (a moderate political faction) during the French Revolution. The Plain was dominated by the radical Montagnards and Barère as one of their leaders supported the foundation of the Committee of Public Safety in April and of a sans-culottes army in September 1793. According to Francois Buzot, Barère was responsible for the Reign of Terror, like Robespierre and Louis de Saint-Just. In spring 1794 and after the Festival of the Supreme Being, he became an opponent of Maximilien Robespierre and joined the coup, leading to his downfall. Early life Betrand Barère was born in Tarbes, a commune, part of the Gascony region. The name ''Barère de Vieuzac'', by which he continued to call himself long after the abolition of feudalism in France, originated from a small fief belonging to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Revolutionary Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal (; unofficially Popular Tribunal) was a court instituted by the National Convention during the French Revolution for the trial of political offenders. In October 1793, it became one of the most powerful engines of the period often called the Reign of Terror. Judicial reforms In early 1791, ''freedom of defence'' became the standard; any citizen was allowed to defend another. From the beginning, the authorities were concerned about this experiment. Derasse suggests it was a "collective suicide" by the lawyers in the Assembly. In criminal cases, the expansion of the right ... gave priority to the spoken word. By December 1791, deputies voted themselves the power to select the judges, jury and ''accusateur public''. On 15 February 1792 the ''Tribunal Criminel'' was installed with Maximilien Robespierre as ''accusateur''. On 10 April, Robespierre decided to give up his position and became an ordinary citizen who published a magazine. Along with other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Maximin Isnard
Maximin Isnard (; 16 November 1755 Grasse, Alpes-Maritimes – 12 March 1825 Grasse), French revolutionary, was a dealer in perfumery at Draguignan when he was elected deputy for the ''département'' of the Var to the Legislative Assembly, where he joined the Girondists. As the president of the National Convention Isnard, who had enough of the tyranny of the Paris Commune, threatened the destruction of Paris. He declared that the Convention would not be influenced by any violence and that Paris had to respect the representatives from elsewhere in France. Isnard was asked to give up his seat. Before the French Revolution Born in 1755, he is the youngest son of Maximin Isnard (1731-1799) and Anne Thérèse Fanton, cousin of the Fantons of Andon. He is the grandson (on the paternal line) of Jacques Isnard, merchant curator, was lord of Deux-Frères and Esclapon, and of Claire Courmes, both from old families of the bourgeoisie of Grasse. His sister Françoise (1722-1805), wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girondin
The Girondins (, ), also called Girondists, were a political group during the French Revolution. From 1791 to 1793, the Girondins were active in the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention. Together with the Montagnards, they initially were part of the Jacobin movement. They campaigned for the end of the monarchy, but then resisted the spiraling momentum of the Revolution, which caused a conflict with the more radical Montagnards. They dominated the movement until their fall in the insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, which resulted in the domination of the Montagnards and the purge and eventual mass execution of the Girondins. This event is considered to mark the beginning of the Reign of Terror. The Girondins were a group of loosely affiliated individuals rather than an organized political party and the name was at first informally applied because the most prominent exponents of their point of view were deputies to the Legislative Assembly from the département o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charles François Dumouriez
Charles-François du Périer Dumouriez (; 26 January 1739 – 14 March 1823) was a French military officer, French minister of foreign affairs, minister of Foreign Affairs, French minister of Defense, minister of War in a Constitutional Cabinet of Louis XVI, Girondin cabinet and army general during the Low Countries theatre of the War of the First Coalition, French Revolutionary War. Dumouriez is one of the names inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe, on Column 3. With General François Christophe Kellermann, Kellermann he shared the first French victory at Battle of Valmy, Valmy where the Prussian army was forced to draw back. He rapidly advanced north (till Moerdijk#The village of Moerdijk, Moerdijk); before entering Holland he decided to return to Brussels when the French armies lost territory in the east of Austrian Netherlands, Belgium and the Siege of Maastricht (1793). He disagreed with his successor Jean-Nicolas Pache, Pache, the radical National Convention, Convention a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
