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Combretum Afrum
''Combretum afrum'', commonly known as Cape bushwillow, is a species of tree native to South Africa. It is endemic to the Cape Provinces. Biochemistry In ''C. afrum'', combretastatins A-1, A-4 and B-1 can be found. Taxonomy The etymology of the original species name ''caffrum'' is related to kaffir, an ethnic slur used towards black people in Africa. At the July 2024 International Botanical Congress International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of Botany, botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the locatio ..., a vote was held with the result that "''caffrum''" related names will be emended to ''afrum'' related ones, with the implementation of this happening by the end of July 2024. References * * afrum Endemic flora of the Cape Provinces Plants described in 1835 {{Myrtales-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Botanic Gardens Conservation International
Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI) is a plant conservation biology, conservation Charitable organization, charity based in Kew, Surrey, England. It is a membership organisation, working with 800 botanic gardens in 118 countries, whose combined work forms the world's largest plant conservation network. Founded in 1987, BGCI is a Charitable organization, registered charity in the United Kingdom, and its members include the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh, as two of its key supporters. The founder and director from 1987 to 1993 was Professor Vernon H Heywood. He was followed in 1994 by Dr. Peter Wyse Jackson (as Secretary-General) who led BGCI till 2005 when Sara Oldfield succeeded him. She was then followed by Paul Smith in 2016 (current acting Secretary-General of BGCI). BGCI's patron is Charles III. Lady Suzanne Warner was Chair of BGCI from December 1999 to December 2004. She received an OBE in the Queen's 2006 New Year's Honours ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endemic
Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. For example, the Cape sugarbird is found exclusively in southwestern South Africa and is therefore said to be ''endemic'' to that particular part of the world. An endemic species can also be referred to as an ''endemism'' or, in scientific literature, as an ''endemite''. Similarly, many species found in the Western ghats of India are examples of endemism. Endemism is an important concept in conservation biology for measuring biodiversity in a particular place and evaluating the risk of extinction for species. Endemism is also of interest in evolutionary biology, because it provides clues about how changes in the environment cause species to undergo range shifts (potentially expanding their range into a larger area or bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combretum
''Combretum'', the bushwillows or combretums, make up the type genus of the family Combretaceae. The genus comprises about 272 species of trees and shrubs, most of which are native to Tropics, tropical and southern Africa, about 5 to Madagascar, but there are others that are native to tropical Asia, New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago, Australia, and Neotropics, tropical America. Around 17 species in the genus Quisqualis are very similar to Combretum and are now classified as species of the genus. Though somewhat reminiscent of willows (''Salix'') in their Morphology (biology), habitus, they are not particularly close relatives of these. Ecology Bushwillow trees often are important plants in their habitat. Savannahs in Africa, in particular those growing on granite, granitic soils, are often dominated by ''Combretum'' and its close relative ''Terminalia (plant), Terminalia''. For example, ''C. apiculatum'' is a notable tree in the Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion in the K ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
International Botanical Congress
International Botanical Congress (IBC) is an international meeting of Botany, botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies (IABMS) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. The current numbering system for the congresses starts from the year 1900; the XX IBC was in Madrid, Spain, July 2024. The XXI IBC is planned to be in Cape Town, South Africa, in July 2029. The IBC has the power to alter the ICN (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants), which was renamed from the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) at the XVIII IBC. Formally the power resides with the Plenary Session; in practice this approves the decisions of the Nomenclature Section. The Nomenclature Section meets before the actual Congress and deals with all proposals to modify the Code: this includes ratifying recommendations from sub-committees on conserved name, conserv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kaffir (racial Term)
Kaffir () is an exonym and an ethnic slur the use of it in reference to Black South Africans, black people being particularly common in South Africa and to some degree Namibia and the former Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). In Arabic, the word ''kāfir'' ("unbeliever") was originally applied to paganism, non-Islam, Muslims of any ethnic background before becoming predominantly focused on pagan ''zanj'' (sub-Saharan African) who were increasingly used zanj slaves, as slaves. During the Age of Exploration in early modern Europe, variants of the Latin term (pl. ) were adopted in reference to non-Muslim Bantu peoples even when they were monotheistic. It was eventually used, particularly in Afrikaans (), for any black person during the Apartheid era, Apartheid and History of South Africa (1994–present), Post-Apartheid eras, closely associated with South African racism. While originally not pejorative, it became a pejorative by the mid-20th century and is now considered extremely offensiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combretastatin B-1
Combretastatin B-1 is a combretastatin and a dihydrostilbenoid. It can be found in '' Combretum afrum'', the Eastern Cape South African bushwillow tree or in '' Combretum kraussii'', the forest bushwillow. It can be produced by selective hydrogenation of combretastatin A-1. It is a potent inhibitor of microtubule assembly ''in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning ''in glass'', or ''in the glass'') Research, studies are performed with Cell (biology), cells or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in ...''. References Combretastatins Dihydrostilbenoids {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combretastatin A-4
Combretastatin A-4 is a combretastatin and a stilbenoid. It can be isolated from ''Combretum afrum'', the Eastern Cape South African bushwillow tree or in '' Combretum leprosum'', the mofumbo, a species found in Brazil. Function Tubulin represents a potent target in cancer chemotherapy, given its role in cell division. Combretastatin is a naturally occurring well known tubulin polymerization inhibitor. Combretastatin A-4 comes in two stereoisomer In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in ...s ( cis (shown top right), and trans); The cis form binds much better to the 'colchicine' site on tubulin to inhibit polymerization. Derivatives Combretastatin A-4 is the active component of combretastatin A-4 phosphate, a prodrug designed to damage the vasculature (blood vessels) of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combretastatin A-1
Combretastatin A-1 is a combretastatin and a stilbenoid. It can be found in ''Combretum afrum'', the Eastern Cape South African Bushwillow tree. Biological effects in mammals It is an antiangiogenic agent acting by destabilizing tubulin, which induces cell apoptosis of proliferating endothelial cells. Derivatives as drugs Currently designated an orphan drug by the FDA, combretastatin A1 diphosphate (OXi4503 or CA1P) is in Phase I clinical trials for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome A myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is one of a group of cancers in which blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature, and as a result, do not develop into healthy blood cells. Early on, no symptoms typically are seen. Later, symptoms may includ .... References Combretastatins Stilbenoids {{Aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combretastatin A4
Combretastatin A-4 is a combretastatin and a stilbenoid. It can be isolated from ''Combretum afrum'', the Eastern Cape South African bushwillow tree or in '' Combretum leprosum'', the mofumbo, a species found in Brazil. Function Tubulin represents a potent target in cancer chemotherapy, given its role in cell division. Combretastatin is a naturally occurring well known tubulin polymerization inhibitor. Combretastatin A-4 comes in two stereoisomer In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in ...s ( cis (shown top right), and trans); The cis form binds much better to the 'colchicine' site on tubulin to inhibit polymerization. Derivatives Combretastatin A-4 is the active component of combretastatin A-4 phosphate, a prodrug designed to damage the vasculature (blood vessels) of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cape Provinces
The Cape Provinces of South Africa is a biogeographical area used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (WGSRPD). It is part of the WGSRPD region 27 Southern Africa. The area has the code "CPP". It includes the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape, the Northern Cape and the Western Cape, together making up most of the former Cape Province. The area includes the Cape Floristic Region, the smallest of the six recognised floral kingdoms of the world, an area of extraordinarily high diversity and endemism Endemism is the state of a species being found only in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also foun ..., home to more than 9,000 vascular plant species, of which 69 percent are endemic. See also * * Northern Provinces References Bibliography * Biogeography {{ecoregion-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the Southern Africa, southernmost country in Africa. Its Provinces of South Africa, nine provinces are bounded to the south by of coastline that stretches along the Atlantic Ocean, South Atlantic and Indian Ocean; to the north by the neighbouring countries of Namibia, Botswana, and Zimbabwe; to the east and northeast by Mozambique and Eswatini; and it encloses Lesotho. Covering an area of , the country has Demographics of South Africa, a population of over 64 million people. Pretoria is the administrative capital, while Cape Town, as the seat of Parliament of South Africa, Parliament, is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is regarded as the judicial capital. The largest, most populous city is Johannesburg, followed by Cape Town and Durban. Cradle of Humankind, Archaeological findings suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa about 2.5 million years ago, and modern humans inhabited the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Friedrich Ecklon
Christian Friedrich Ecklon (17 December 1795 – 1 December 1868) was a Denmark, Danish botany, botanical collector and apothecary. Ecklon is especially known for being an avid collector and researcher of plants in South Africa. Biography Ecklon was from Åbenrå, Denmark. He was trained as a pharmacist in Kiel. He first went to South Africa in 1823. During his visit he worked as an apothecary whilst also looking for plants with medicinal value. A shortage of funds and deteriorating health forced him to live in poor circumstances. When he returned to Europe in 1828, he had collected an extensive herbarium and published first specimens of his voyages as an exsiccata in cooperation with Unio Itineraria, a Württemberg Botanical Society which had been organized by botanist Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter (1787–1860) and physician Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel (1783–1856). During his stay in Hamburg from 1833 to 1838, he worked on revising his collection. This herbarium wou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
