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Comani (Narbonensis)
The Comani were a Gallic tribe or the inhabitants of an eponymous town dwelling in the region of Massalia (modern Marseille) during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Comani'' by Pliny (1st c. AD) and by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD). Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia'', 3:34; Ptolemy. ''Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis'', 2:10:5. The ethnonym ''Comani'' may be compared with the personal name ''Comanus'', which is based on the Gaulish prefix ''co''- attached to -''mānos'' (perhaps 'good, favourable'; cf. Welsh ''mawn''-, Ogam Irish ''Manu''). Geography ''Comani'' is mentioned as an '' oppidum'' with Latin Rights by Pliny, and as a people located between the Avatici and the Deciates by Ptolemy. Historian Guy Barruol contends that the name ''Comani'' probably designated the inhabitants of this settlement rather than an ethnic group, and that Ptolemy's description may be erroneous since the territory he describes (between L'Estaque and the Massif de l'Esterel) was known to be populated ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and into the Balkans, leading to war with the Greeks. These latter Gauls eventually settled in Anatolia, becoming known as Galatians. After the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deciates
The Deciates (Δεκιήταις) were a Ligurian tribe dwelling near on the Mediterranean coast, around present-day Antibes, during the Iron Age and the Roman era. According to historian Guy Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation. Name They are mentioned as ''Dekiḗtais'' (Δεκιήταις) by Polybius (2nd c. BC), and as ''Dekiatíōn'' (Δεκιατίων) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD)., s.v. ''Deciates''. A ''regio Deciatium'' is also attested by Pliny (1st c. AD), and an ''oppidum Deciatum'' is documented by Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD). The meaning of the name ''Deciates'' remains obscure. According to Javier de Hoz, an Indo-European etymology, from the root *''dek̑''-, is possible, and the suffix -''ates'' may be evidence of a Celtic transmission, "but the whole name does not seem to be Celtic. In this case I would accept a classification as 'restricted Ligurian' because of the people's geographical location." Geography The Deciates dwelled on the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Salyes
The Salyes or Salluvii (Greek: ) were an ancient Celto-Ligurian people dwelling between the Durance river and the Greek colony of Massalia during the Iron Age. Although earlier writers called them 'Ligurian', Strabo used the denomination 'Celto-ligurian', and a Celtic influence is noticeable in their religion, which centred on the cult of the ''tête coupée'' ('severed head'). In fact, the Salyes were most likely at the head of a political and military confederation that united both Gallic and Ligurian tribes. During most of the early history, the Salyes were in conflict with the neighbouring Greek inhabitants of Massalia, and later on with their ally the Roman Republic, until the consul Gaius Sextius Calvinus sacked their hill-fort Entremont ca. 122 BC. Revolts against the Roman conquerors were crushed in 90 and 83 BC. Name They are mentioned as ''Sallyas'' by Caesar (mid-1st c. BC), ''Salluvii'' and ''Saluum'' (var. ''Saluium'', ''Salluuiorum'') by Livy (late 1st c. BC), ''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Javier De Hoz
Jesús Javier de Hoz Bravo (29 July 1940 – 12 January 2019), was a Spanish Philology, philologist and Catedrático (University Professor). His main areas of research were Paleohispanic languages, historical linguistics, ancient Celtic languages, history of writing, preclassical Greek literature, Greek epigraphy, and Theatre of ancient Greece, ancient Greek theatre. Biography Born in Madrid on , Javier de Hoz earned a PhD in Philology from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1966. He was Professor at the Universidad de Sevilla (1967–1969), the Universidad de Salamanca (1969–1989), Dean of the Faculty of Philology of the Universidad de Salamanca (1981–1985), Director of the Colegio Trilingüe of Salamanca (1970–1984) and, from 1989 to 2010, Professor in the Universidad Complutense (Department of Classical Philology, Greek Philology and Indo-European Studies). De Hoz served as expert advisor for the UNESCO Central Co-ordinating Committee for the Study of Celtic Cul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camactulici
The Camactulici were a Gallic tribe dwelling around modern Toulon during the Iron Age. Name The Camactulici are solely attested by Pliny as ''Camactulicorum'' in the 1st century AD. Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia'', 3:35. Geography Pliny describes the territory of the Camactulici as located near Citharista ( La Ciotat) and the Suelteri. They appear to have lived in the region of modern Toulon, their territory corresponding to the later ''pagus Tolonensis'' of the Early Middle Ages and the Diocese of Toulon. According to history Guy Barruol Guy Barruol (born 10 June 1934) is a French historian and archaeologist. He is director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Biography Guy Barruol was born on 10 June 1934 in Mazan, Vaucluse, the son of Jean Barruol (1898–1982), a local histori ..., they were part of the Salluvian confederation. References Bibliography * {{Gallic peoples Gauls Tribes in pre-Roman Gaul Historical Celtic peoples ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Segobrigii
The Segobrigii or Segobriges were a Celto-Ligurian people dwelling in the hinterland of the Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul, Greek colony of Massilia, Massalia (modern Marseille) during the European Iron Age, Iron Age. They are mentioned in the Founding myth of Marseille, founding myth of Massalia, recounted by the Greek philosopher Aristotle and by Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, Pompeius Trogus, a Gallo-Roman writer who lived among the nearby Vocontii in the 1st century BC. Built around the historical founding of the city by Greek settlers ca. 600 BC, the legend tells how the daughter of the Segobrigian king Nannus chose a Phocaean sailor as her husband during her own wedding, the two of them eventually founding the colony of Massalia. Name They are only mentioned once as ''Segobrigii'' by Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus, Pompeius Trogus (1st c. BC), in a text later summarized by the Roman writer Justin (historian), Justin in the 3rd–4th century AD. The ethnonym appears to be a Celtic languages, Ce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massif De L'Esterel
The Massif de l'Esterel (Occitan Provençal: ''Esterèu''; English: Esterel Massif) is a Mediterranean coastal mountain range in the departments of Var and Alpes-Maritimes on the French Riviera. Neighbouring cities are Mandelieu-la-Napoule and Cannes on the east, as well as Saint-Raphaël and Fréjus on the west. The soil and rocks of the range are of volcanic origin, composed mainly of rhyolite, which gives the hills a red color. The terrain is rugged, with deep ravines and oak forests. The highest point of the massif is Mont Vinaigre (618 metres or 2,028 feet). The massif covers an area of 320 km² (123.5 sqmi), of which 130 km² (50.1 sqmi) are protected by the Forêt domaniale de l'Esterel ( national forest). The nature reserve offers hiking and mountain biking trails including the GR 49 and GR 51. The Esterel mountains also host the Pierre & Vacances Groupe Pierre & Vacances Center Parcs () specializes in tourism services, providing holiday and entertain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
L'Estaque
L'Estaque is a village in southern France, just west of Marseille. Administratively, it belongs to the commune of Marseille. Overview Many artists of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist periods visited or resided there or in the surrounding area. Many of them painted village scenes, the road leading to the village, and the view of the Bay from the village. Paul Cézanne painted many views of the water from his room in L'Estaque, showing the changing seasons, the shifting light of day, and the changes in the village itself over time. In February 2010 a ''Fondation Monticelli'' was set up at L'Estaque. It exhibits some of pre-impressionist painter Adolphe Monticelli Adolphe Joseph Thomas Monticelli (October 14, 1824 – June 29, 1886) was a French painter of the generation preceding the Impressionists. Biography Monticelli was born in Marseille in humble circumstances. He attended the École Municipale de ...'s most representative artwork, together with paintings from oth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Guy Barruol
Guy Barruol (born 10 June 1934) is a French historian and archaeologist. He is director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Biography Guy Barruol was born on 10 June 1934 in Mazan, Vaucluse, the son of Jean Barruol (1898–1982), a local historian and the author of numerous books on ancient and medieval Provence. Barruol entered the CNRS in January 1962 as an intern, then was awarded the post of research assistant in 1963, research fellow in 1967, senior research fellow in 1967, and eventually became director of research in 1985. Since June 2000, he has been director of research emeritus at the CNRS. Barruol was the director of the Antiquités Historiques of Languedoc-Roussillon Languedoc-Roussillon (; oc, Lengadòc-Rosselhon ; ca, Llenguadoc-Rosselló) is a former administrative region of France. On 1 January 2016, it joined with the region of Midi-Pyrénées to become Occitania. It comprised five departments, and ... from 1968 to 1982, and a member of the until 1999. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Avatici
The Avatici (Gaulish: *''Auaticoi'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling near the Étang de Berre, between the mouth of the Rhône river and Massilia (modern Marseille), during the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''Au̓atilō͂n'' (Αὐατιλῶν; var. Αὐατικῶν) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and an ''oppidum'' ''Maritima Avaticorum'' is documented by Pliny (1st c. AD) and Pomponius Mela (mid-1st c. AD). Geography Territory The Avatici dwelled near the Étang de Berre, southwest of the Saluvii, and possibly northwest of the Tricores., Map 15: Arelate-Massalia. Their territory stretched from the eastern part of the mouth of the Rhône river to the west of Massilia, and from the Mediterranean Sea to the Crau in the north. According to historian Guy Barruol, they were part of the Saluvian confederation. Settlements Their chief town, located in the province of Gallia Narbonensis, was known as . The location of the settlement is not precisely indicated by the sou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Massalia
Massalia (Greek: Μασσαλία; Latin: Massilia; modern Marseille) was an ancient Greek colony founded ca. 600 BC on the Mediterranean coast of present-day France, east of the river Rhône, by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Western Anatolia. Marseille is the oldest city of France, and one of Europe's oldest continuously inhabited settlements. History Massalia was established ca. 600 BC by Ionian Greek settlers from Phocaea, in Western Anatolia. After the capture of Phocaea by the Persians in 545 BC, a new wave of settlers fled towards the colony. A creation myth telling the meeting between the Greeks and the local population is given by Aristotle and Pompeius Trogus (see founding myth of Marseille). After the middle of the 6th century BC, Massalia became an important trading post of the western Mediterranean area. It grew into creating colonies of its own on the sea coast of Gallia Narbonensis during the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, including Agathe (late 5th–earl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
