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Columnidin
Columnidin is an orange red pigment, belonging to the 3-deoxyanthocyanidins found in red-flowered western-hemisphere gesneriad species such as episcias, columneas, sarmientas, and sinningias. The columnidin is named after the gesneriad genus ''Columnea ''Columnea'' is a genus of around 200 species of epiphytic herbs and shrubs in the family Gesneriaceae, native to the tropics of the Americas and the Caribbean. The tubular or oddly shaped flowers are usually large and brightly colored – u ...'' in which it is found, notably in '' Columnea hybrida''. References {{anthocyanins Anthocyanidins Catechols Hydroxyquinols ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3-deoxyanthocyanidin
The 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins and their glycosides (3-deoxyanthocyanins or 3-DA) are molecules with an anthocyanidins backbone lacking an hydroxyl group at position 3 on the C-ring. This nomenclature is the inverse of that which is commonly used in flavonoids, where the hydroxy-group is assumed absent if it is not specified, e. g. flavan-3-ol, flavan-4-ol, flavan-3,4-ol and flavonol. 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins are yellow anthocyanidins that can be found primarily in ferns and mosses (Timberlake and Bridle, 1975, 1980), in ''Sorghum bicolor'' and in purple corn (Nakatani et al., 1979) (maíz morado). 3-Deoxyanthocyanidins are reported to be stable to color loss due to change in pH. Synthetic 3-deoxyanthocyanidins with a carboxylate group at carbon 4 show unusually stable colorant properties at pH 7. In ''Sorghum'', the ''SbF3'H2'' gene, encoding a flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase, seems to be expressed in pathogen-specific 3-deoxyanthocyanidin phytoalexins synthesis, for example in ''Sorghum-Col ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Episcia
''Episcia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the African violet family, Gesneriaceae. The ten species it contains are native to the tropical regions of Central and South America. The species are perennial herbaceous plants characterized by a stoloniferous habit, red (rarely orange, pink, blue or yellow) flowers, and frequently have marked or patterned leaves. Episcias are sometimes called flame violets. Taxonomy The genus name is derived from the Greek επισκισς (''episkios''), meaning "shaded". This refers to the understory habitat of these plants. For much of the twentieth century ''Episcia'' had a broad circumscription but since 1978 has been restricted to a much narrower one, with the genera '' Paradrymonia'', ''Chrysothemis'', ''Nautilocalyx'', and ''Alsobia'' separated from it. The segregation of these genera from ''Episcia'' has been supported in recent molecular phylogenies. Species Section ''Episcia'' * '' Episcia andina'' Wiehler * '' Episcia cupreata'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Columnea
''Columnea'' is a genus of around 200 species of epiphytic herbs and shrubs in the family Gesneriaceae, native to the tropics of the Americas and the Caribbean. The tubular or oddly shaped flowers are usually large and brightly colored – usually red, yellow, or orange – sometimes resembling a fish in shape. A common name is flying goldfish plants (see also the related ''Nematanthus'') due to the unusual flower shape. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Latinized spelling of the name of the 16th-century Italian botanist Fabio Colonna (Latin: ''Fabius Columnus''). The segregate genus '' Bucinellina'' is considered by many botanists a synonym of ''Columnea''. A full list of the species now accepted in the genus, along with their synonyms, can be found at the World Checklist of Gesneriaceae. Cultivation ''Columnea'' species grow as epiphytic plants in the wild and require bright light, good air circulation, and a well-drained growing medium that is allowed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sarmienta
''Sarmienta scandens'', the Chilean pitcher flower, is a species of flowering plant, and the sole member of its genus within the family Gesneriaceae. It is native to the cool South Chilean rainforest, where it grows as an epiphyte. The Latin specific epithet ''scandens'' means “climbing”. Description Reaching just tall by broad, it is a creeping evergreen perennial with small oval leaves and pendent scarlet pitcher-shaped flowers in summer. Cultivation In temperate regions it is usually grown under glass, either epiphytically or using a specialist potting medium containing leaf mould or sphagnum moss. It may be placed outside during the summer months, in a warm sheltered spot where the temperature does not fall below . It may however survive brief periods down to . The plant is still widely advertised as ''Sarmienta repens'', a name which is now regarded as illegitimate. ''Sarmienta scandens'' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Socie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sinningia
''Sinningia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gesneriaceae. It is named after Wilhelm Sinning (1792–1874), a gardener of the Botanische Gärten der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. There are about 65 species of tuberous herbaceous perennials, all occurring in Central and South America, with the greatest concentration of species occurring in southern Brazil. The best-known species, '' Sinningia speciosa'', was originally introduced in cultivation as ''Gloxinia speciosa'' and is still commonly known to gardeners and in the horticultural trade as "gloxinia", although this is now considered incorrect. The true genus '' Gloxinia'' is distinguished by having scaly rhizomes rather than tubers. ''Sinningia'' species often grow on rocks or cliffs and most are pollinated by hummingbirds or bees but ''Sinningia brasiliensis'' is bat-pollinated, and ''Sinningia tubiflora'', with large, powerfully fragrant tubular white flowers, is apparently pollinated by sphinx ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Columnea
''Columnea'' is a genus of around 200 species of epiphytic herbs and shrubs in the family Gesneriaceae, native to the tropics of the Americas and the Caribbean. The tubular or oddly shaped flowers are usually large and brightly colored – usually red, yellow, or orange – sometimes resembling a fish in shape. A common name is flying goldfish plants (see also the related ''Nematanthus'') due to the unusual flower shape. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Latinized spelling of the name of the 16th-century Italian botanist Fabio Colonna (Latin: ''Fabius Columnus''). The segregate genus '' Bucinellina'' is considered by many botanists a synonym of ''Columnea''. A full list of the species now accepted in the genus, along with their synonyms, can be found at the World Checklist of Gesneriaceae. Cultivation ''Columnea'' species grow as epiphytic plants in the wild and require bright light, good air circulation, and a well-drained growing medium that is allowed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Columnea Hybrida
''Columnea'' is a genus of around 200 species of epiphytic herbs and shrubs in the family Gesneriaceae, native to the tropics of the Americas and the Caribbean. The tubular or oddly shaped flowers are usually large and brightly colored – usually red, yellow, or orange – sometimes resembling a fish in shape. A common name is flying goldfish plants (see also the related ''Nematanthus'') due to the unusual flower shape. The genus was named by Carl Linnaeus after the Latinized spelling of the name of the 16th-century Italian botanist Fabio Colonna (Latin: ''Fabius Columnus''). The segregate genus '' Bucinellina'' is considered by many botanists a synonym of ''Columnea''. A full list of the species now accepted in the genus, along with their synonyms, can be found at the World Checklist of Gesneriaceae. Cultivation ''Columnea'' species grow as epiphytic plants in the wild and require bright light, good air circulation, and a well-drained growing medium that is allowed t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthocyanidins
Anthocyanidins are common plant pigments, the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins. They are based on the flavylium cation, an oxonium ion, with various groups substituted for its hydrogen atoms. They generally change color from red through purple, blue, and bluish green as a function of pH. Anthocyanidins are an important subclass of the polymethine dyes and flavonoids. The flavylium cation is a chromenylium cation with a phenyl group substituted in position 2; and chromenylium (also called benzopyrylium) is a bicyclic version of pyrylium. The positive charge can move around the molecule. At least 31 monomeric anthocyanidins have been properly identified in living organisms, mostly as the core components of anthocyanins. The latter are responsible for the red, purple, blue, or black color of many fruits (like grapes and blueberries), flowers (like roses), leaves (like purple cabbage), and even tubers (like radishes and purple yams). They are also found in some animals. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catechols
Catechol ( or ), also known as pyrocatechol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, is a toxic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is the ''ortho'' isomer of the three isomeric benzenediols. This colorless compound occurs naturally in trace amounts. It was first discovered by destructive distillation of the plant extract catechin. About 20,000 tonnes of catechol are now synthetically produced annually as a commodity organic chemical, mainly as a precursor to pesticides, flavors, and fragrances. Catechol occurs as feathery white crystals that are very rapidly soluble in water. Isolation and synthesis Catechol was first isolated in 1839 by Edgar Hugo Emil Reinsch (1809–1884) by distilling it from the solid tannic preparation catechin, which is the residuum of catechu, the boiled or concentrated juice of ''Mimosa catechu'' (''Acacia catechu''). Upon heating catechin above its decomposition point, a substance that Reinsch first named ''Brenz-Katechusäure'' (burned catechu acid) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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