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Closed Shop
A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times to remain employed. This is different from a post-entry closed shop (US: union shop), which is an agreement requiring all employees to join the union if they are not already members. In a union shop, the union must accept as a member any person hired by the employer.Pynes, Joan. ''Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations.'' 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. By comparison, an open shop does not require union membership of potential and current employees. International Labour Organization covenants do not address the legality of closed shop provisions, leaving the question up to each individual nation. The legal status of closed shop agreements varies widely from country to country, ranging from bans on the agreement, to extensive regulatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Security Agreement
A union security agreement is a contractual agreement, usually part of a union collective bargaining agreement, in which an employer and a trade or labor union agree on the extent to which the union may compel employees to join the union, and/or whether the employer will collect dues, fees, and assessments on behalf of the union.Pynes, Joan. ''Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations.'' 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. Rationale The free-rider problem is often cited as the rationale for union security agreements. A classic study of the free rider problem is presented in Mancur Olson's 1965 work, '' The Logic of Collective Action.'' In labor relations, the free rider problem exists because the costs of organizing a union and negotiating a contract with the employer can be very high, and because employers will find it too cumbersome to adopt multiple wage and benefit scales, some or all non-union members may find that the contract benefits ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entertainment Industry
Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and Interest (emotion), interest of an audience or gives pleasure and delight. It can be an idea or a task, but is more likely to be one of the activities or events that have developed over thousands of years specifically for the purpose of keeping an audience's attention. Although people's attention is held by different things because individuals have different preferences, most forms of entertainment are recognisable and familiar. Storytelling, music, drama, dance, and different kinds of performance exist in all cultures and were supported in Court (royal), royal courts and developed into sophisticated forms, over time becoming available to all citizens. The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry that records and sells entertainment products. Entertainment evolves and can be adapted to suit any scale, ranging from an individual who chooses a private entertainment from a now eno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bump (union)
A bump is a reassignment of jobs on the basis of seniority in unionised organisations in the private or public sector. For example, if a job becomes vacant, more than one person may be reassigned to different tasks or ranks on the basis of who has worked for the organisation longer. As the next person assumes the duties of the person who has vacated, now the job of the replacement person likewise becomes vacant and must thus be filled by the next person with the appropriate seniority level. An exception to this may be unionised organisations that occasionally employ summer students, whereby the students do not officially accumulate any seniority and cannot thus ''"bump"'' another person. See also * Closed shop A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of union security agreement under which the employer agrees to hire union members only, and employees must remain members of the union at all times to remain employed. This is different fr ... External links Examp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Shop
In labor law, a union shop, also known as a post-entry closed shop, is a form of a union security clause. Under this, the employer agrees to either only hire labor union members or to require that any new employees who are not already union members become members within a certain amount of time. Use of the union shop varies widely from nation to nation, depending on the level of protection given trade unions in general. Canada In 1946, Justice Ivan Rand of the Supreme Court of Canada crafted what became known as the " Rand formula". Appointed as arbiter to settle the Ford Strike of 1945, Rand concluded that both federal and provincial labor law made strong trade unions national policy. If workers were allowed to opt out of paying union dues, the free rider problem would undermine this policy. Rand went further to argue that the free rider problem undermines workplace order by causing resentment between union and non-union employees. Rand's decision required all workers to p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hiring Hall
In organized labor, a hiring hall is an organization, usually under the auspices of a labor union, which has the responsibility of furnishing new recruits for employers who have a collective bargaining agreement with the union. It may also refer to a ''union hall,'' or the office from which the union may conduct its activities. The employer's use of the hiring hall may be voluntary, or it may be compulsory by the terms of the employer's contract with the union (or, in a few cases, the labor laws of the jurisdiction in question). Compulsory use of a hiring hall effectively turns employers into a ''closed shop'' because employees must join the union before they can be hired. This is the primary argument against the practice, since it disallows non-union workers to gain employment. Arguments in favor of the institution include that the presence of a hiring hall places the responsibility on the union to ensure that its members are suitably qualified and responsible individuals befo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Master Contract (labor)
A master contract or master agreement is a collective bargaining agreement which covers all unionized worksites in an industry, market or company, and which establishes the terms and conditions of employment common to all workers in the industry, market or company.Najita, Joyce, and Roberts, Harold S. ''Roberts' Dictionary of Industrial Relations.'' Washington, D.C.: BNA Books, 1994. Rainsberger, Paul K. "Historical Models of Collective Bargaining in the U.S." In "Collective Bargaining." University of Missouri Labor Education Program. No date. Accessed July 30, 2008. About master contracts A master contract may ...[...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Merit Shop
A merit shop is term which refers to a firm or organization that pays certain employees by merit (experience/worth to company). Contrary to popular belief, a merit shop can be non-union or union shop. Management retains the right to perform hiring, promotion, salary adjustments, bonuses, and termination, based on the laws of the state and federal government, along with its evaluation of individual's ability to accomplish the tasks assigned to them by the employer. By law, such decisions will not be biased by age, race, national origin, organizational affiliation, seniority, color, creed and sex. The term "merit shop" was coined by John Trimmer, who served from 1952 to 1976 as an officer of the Associated Builders and Contractors, an American trade association of primarily non-union construction contractors. In common usage, "merit shop" is often synonymous with being non-union or open shop. See also * Closed shop A pre-entry closed shop (or simply closed shop) is a form of unio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Open Shop
An open shop is a place of employment at which one is not required to join or financially support a union ( closed shop) as a condition of hiring or continued employment. Open shop vs closed shop The major difference between an open and closed shop is the requirement for union membership.Pynes, Joan. ''Human Resources Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations.'' 2d ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley and Sons, 2004. There are a variety of opinions regarding the benefits and negatives of open shops. Pros vs. cons of open shops In the United States, the introduction of 'right to work' laws has been linked with lower overall benefits but higher economic growth by some proponents. Such conclusions are debatable, however, as employment, investment, and income in traditionally unionized sectors of the economy cannot be correlated to passage of such laws. Union arguments ''Open shop'' means a factory, office, or other business establishment in which a union, chosen by a majorit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Registered Charity
A charitable organization or charity is an organization whose primary objectives are philanthropy and social well-being (e.g. educational, Religion, religious or other activities serving the public interest or common good). The legal definition of a charitable organization (and of charity) varies between countries and in some instances regions of the country. The Charity regulators, regulation, the tax treatment, and the way in which charity law affects charitable organizations also vary. Charitable organizations may not use any of their funds to profit individual persons or entities. (However, some charitable organizations have come under scrutiny for spending a disproportionate amount of their income to pay the salaries of their leadership). Financial figures (e.g. tax refund, revenue from fundraising, revenue from sale of goods and services or revenue from investment) are indicators to assess the financial sustainability of a charity, especially to charity evaluators. This ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
The ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' (french: Charte canadienne des droits et libertés), often simply referred to as the ''Charter'' in Canada, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada, forming the first part of the '' Constitution Act, 1982''. The ''Charter'' guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The ''Charter'' was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the '' Constitution Act, 1982''. The ''Charter'' was preceded by the ''Canadian Bill of Rights'', enacted in 1960, which was a federal statute rather than a constitutional document. As a federal statute, the ''Bill of Rights'' could be amended through the ordinary legislative process and had no application to provincial laws ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Section Two Of The Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms
Section 2 of the ''Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms'' ("''Charter''") is the section of the Constitution of Canada that lists what the ''Charter'' calls "fundamental freedoms" theoretically applying to everyone in Canada, regardless of whether they are a Canadian citizen, or an individual or corporation. These freedoms can be held against actions of all levels of government and are enforceable by the courts. The fundamental freedoms are freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of thought, freedom of belief, freedom of peaceful assembly and freedom of association. Section 1 of the ''Charter'' permits Parliament or the provincial legislatures to enact laws that place certain kinds of limited restrictions on the freedoms listed under section 2. Additionally, these freedoms can be temporarily invalidated by section 33, the "notwithstanding clause", of the ''Charter''. As a part of the ''Charter'' and of the larger ''Constitution Act, 1982'', section 2 took legal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
